Indian officials admitted that the computer network of the largest Kudankulam nuclear power plant was attacked from outside in October. The nuclear power plant is mainly designed and supplied by Russia with reactor units to provide electricity for the southern power grid of India. This nuclear power plant has become one of the largest cooperation projects between India and Russia.

According to the American Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, although the reactor operation of Kudankulam nuclear power plant has not been affected, this incident once again warns that the two biggest security risks of human society, namely cyber attacks and nuclear deterrence, are in a dangerous "collision", and its serious consequences may completely turn into uncontrollable man-made disasters.

Kudankulam nuclear power plant　

There have been more than 20 cyber attacks on nuclear facilities in the past 30 years.

The cyber attack on India’s nuclear power plant naturally reminds people of the past when Iran’s nuclear power plant was attacked by the "Shenzhen" virus in 2010, resulting in the paralysis of more than 1,000 centrifuges. In fact, the incidents of cyber attacks on nuclear power plants continue.

According to media reports, there have been more than 20 known cyber attacks against nuclear facilities since 1990. These incidents include malicious intrusions caused by software vulnerabilities and test updates. Although compared with the "Shenzhen" virus incident, these are not well known, but it also clearly shows that nuclear facilities can no longer be spared from cyber attacks. Cyber attacks on nuclear power plants may lead to great disasters and should be highly valued.

For all this, the initiator of cyber warfare and nuclear weapons, the clearer the result, the more fearful the psychology. The United States has regarded cyber attacks as the primary threat beyond terrorism. As early as 2009, after Obama, the "cyber president", took office, he immediately launched a 60-day cyberspace security assessment, and immediately took cyber security, nuclear security and combating terrorism as a "trinity" national strategy. Former US National Intelligence Director and Admiral Mike McConnell once pointed out that "terrorist organizations will master complex network technologies sooner or later, just like nuclear proliferation, but it is easier for them to achieve."

Informatization is a "double-edged sword", which is a golden opportunity and contains unprecedented risks. As the digitalization of nuclear reactor instruments and control systems increases, the possibility of harm caused by malicious and unexpected network attacks is also increasing. At the same time, according to a report published by Chatham House, a British think tank, in 2015, network security is a common shortcoming in the nuclear power industry, which runs through management, training and user behavior. Both natural loopholes and man-made defects may become convenient doors for cyber attacks and directly ignite the fuse of nuclear facilities out of control.

The consequences may be as the then US Secretary of Defense Panetta warned on October 11, 2012, "Cyber attacks can destroy the operation of passenger trains, pollute water supply or shut down most of the electricity supply in the United States, which can be the online version of Pearl Harbor incident, causing a lot of physical damage and casualties, paralyzing daily operations, shocking people and creating new fears."

The accident at Chernobyl nuclear power plant left a deep impression on the world.　　

Indian nuclear power plant or infected with Trojan virus

The malware infected in the intranet of India’s nuclear power plant is said to have been developed by a hacker organization in a certain country and belongs to the variant of backdoor Trojan horse. Its functions include stealing keyboard records of devices, retrieving browser history records, and listing running processes, etc. It does not seem to be a malicious direct destructive virus. But not coincidentally, just a few days before the media reported the cyber attack, the nuclear power plant unexpectedly shut down a reactor. Although the relevant institutions strongly deny that the incident is related to the invasion of malicious software, the consequences of the network attack on the power grid are likely to be unpredictable and more difficult to control.

The thrilling collapse of Ukrainian power grid in the cold winter of 2015 was considered by Russian hackers. In March this year, Venezuela’s national power grid was paralyzed in a large area, and its president and information minister called it a cyber war carefully planned by the United States. In June this year, the suspense of multi-country power grid paralysis in South America, Russian experts must be American cyber warfare exercises, in an attempt to trigger social unrest in the region. In fact, including the rumors of American officials that their cyber forces preset malicious code in the Russian power grid, there is a shadow of "undeclared war" behind them, which represents a new invasion mode that can quietly cause large-scale damage; Even more, the fear of "cutting the bottom of the pot" is enough to destroy the electric energy that modern society depends on and cause the paralysis of the whole society.

Besides, the terrorists haven’t stopped thinking for a moment. The demonstration effect of the network power makes the terrorists’ hearts beat faster, and it is very likely that they will finally master the advanced cyber attack technology. The world has long been alert to this. On December 17, 2013, the United Nations Security Council unanimously adopted Resolution 2129, explicitly cracking down on the use of the Internet to commit terrorist acts. However, at present, cyber terrorism is only in the initial stage of development, that is, using the network for mobilization, publicity, series connection, fund-raising and other activities. Once terrorists master the leading technology of cyber attacks, it is entirely possible to cause heavy casualties. This is the "cyber 911" or "cyber Pearl Harbor" incident that senior American officials have been warning about.

In recent years, the US military and intelligence departments have vigorously developed cyber attack weapons, which has increased the risk of the proliferation of cyber weapons.

Be wary of the integration of cyber attacks with nuclear disasters and terrorism.

The United States regards cyber security, nuclear deterrence and counter-terrorism as a "trinity" national strategy, but the result is not satisfactory, but there are bad signs of the convergence of the three major risks. Although there are many reasons for this, the "law of the jungle", double standards and hegemonic thinking that it has been pursuing are hard to escape. From the "Shenzhen" virus to the release of the "eternal blue" weapon, it undoubtedly gives terrorists technical guidance and demonstration effect, and combating cyber terrorism has become a common difficulty for human society. To find a solution, we should not only devote ourselves to the difficult process of destroying nuclear weapons, but also strictly control the uncontrolled implementation of cyber attacks and prevent the creation of a breeding ground for terrorism.

Regarding the lessons that should be learned from the cyber attack on India’s nuclear power plant, the focus is on safety culture. The Hague Communiqué in 2014 also listed nuclear safety culture as the first of the three pillars of nuclear safety. The Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) of the United States has put forward guidelines to its operators for human resources development and performance evaluation to improve the network security of nuclear power plants. The National Nuclear Military Administration (NNSA) of the United States has incorporated network security into its security assessment, technical exchange and training plan. The United States has also cooperated with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) to develop a network security training course for nuclear power plant operators; The International Atomic Energy Agency has also published a technical guide on computer security, and has also held a network security course for nuclear power plant operators for the first time. Organizations such as the World Nuclear Safety Association and the World Association of Nuclear Operators can also share information on best practices.

Despite such efforts, it is not enough. Although the lack of safety culture needs to be solved urgently, the harm of jungle culture is even greater, which is the real catalyst for the integration of cyber attacks, nuclear disasters and terrorism. The nuclear explosion in Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 should not be forgotten. In 1986, the Chernobyl nuclear power plant exploded, and the radiation pollution was 100 times that of the atomic bomb explosion in Hiroshima, Japan. The Fukushima incident in 2011 shocked the whole world, and more than 200,000 people were directly implicated. Eight years later, the impact has not been completely eliminated.

To this end, in the face of cyber attacks on India’s nuclear facilities and concerns about cyber terrorism, we need to warn again: First, cyberspace is interconnected, and no one can be immune to it. The shortcomings of others may be the springboard to attack you; Second, cyber attacks on nuclear facilities are fundamentally different from those in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and it is impossible to enjoy the fruits of nuclear deterrence without suffering from nuclear explosions after dropping nuclear bombs; Third, human society must abandon the "jungle law" and firmly establish a new culture of "cyberspace destiny community" in order to make cyberspace a common well-being.

(The author is the executive deputy director of the Anti-Terrorism and Cyber Security Governance Committee of the China Police Law Research Association)

　　On the morning of November 29th, shortly before the opening ceremony of the grand celebration of the 130th anniversary of Wuhan University, a simple donation signing ceremony was quietly held in a small conference room in the administrative building of the university.

　　Lei Jun, an alumnus of the Computer Department of Wuhan University in 1987 and founder, chairman and CEO of Xiaomi Group, donated 1.3 billion yuan to his alma mater. This donation has set a new record for the largest single donation since the establishment of Wuhan University, and it is also the largest personal cash donation received by alumni in universities across the country. This triggered a hot discussion about "other people’s alumni" on the Internet.

　　As an outstanding alumnus of Wuhan University, Lei Jun’s story of studying and starting a business has always been talked about by Wuhan University students. During his study at Wu Da University, Lei Jun completed all the credits required for four years in the university in just two years. Shortly after graduation, he joined Beijing Jinshan Software Co., Ltd. and led the company to grow and develop. In April 2010, Lei Jun founded Xiaomi Company, and now Xiaomi is the top three smartphone manufacturers in the world.

　　Lei Jun has said more than once that Luojiashan is the place where dreams are started, and the professional knowledge and learning ability he learned at Wuhan University have laid a good foundation for his later entrepreneurship. In order to be grateful and give back to his alma mater, in 1997, just six years after graduation, Lei Jun began to donate to his alma mater and set up a "Tengfei Scholarship" at Wuhan University.

　　Since then, Lei Jun has donated a number of donation projects to his alma mater, including the establishment of the "Lei Jun Scholarship" and "Lei Jun Science and Technology Building" of Wuhan University, with a total amount of 130 million yuan. On October 20, 2016, Lei Jun donated money to support Wuhan University to build an artificial intelligence teaching and research building.

　　At the 9th Alumni Forum of Wuhan University that afternoon, Lei Jun told his schoolmates the behind-the-scenes story of donating 1.3 billion yuan to his alma mater.

　　"I have always had an unforgettable love for my alma mater. The small achievements I made today are inseparable from the cultivation of my alma mater." Lei Jun said that it was Wu Da who shaped him, let him find his dream, learned the method of learning, and gave him the most precious wealth in his life.

　　Lei Jun is especially grateful to his alma mater for his tolerance. He has always encouraged students to explore and innovate in technology. Coupled with the free and relaxed environment and laboratory conditions, he has the courage to set no limits.

　　Lei Jun comes from an ordinary family in Xiantao, Hubei. More than 30 years ago, when he was studying at Wuhan University, he studied hard and supported himself by scholarships. He once won the highest scholarship set up by an entrepreneur at school — — 2000 yuan, which is equivalent to the salary of ordinary people for several years at that time. He silently vowed in his heart that "it will be returned ten times, one hundred times and ten thousand times in the future."

　　Lei Jun also had a wish. Because at that time, the best teaching building in Wuhan University — — I feel very happy in class in Shaw Building, so he made a wish to donate a building to Wu Da. Now, these two wishes have come true.

　　Lei Jun said that in the eyes of him and many alumni, Wu Da is the best university in the world. In order to make Wu Da better and better, everyone can give back to his alma mater with practical actions. In particular, he said that he never advocated comparing donations. Many alumni actively donated money to celebrate the 130th anniversary of Wu Da University. Every donation is the love of alumni for their alma mater, and the weight is the same.

　　According to reports, Lei Jun’s donation mainly focuses on three directions: supporting the basic research of six disciplines of mathematics, physics, literature, history and philosophy, supporting scientific and technological innovation in the computer field, and supporting the cultivation of college students.

Protecting personal information and privacy has become a hot topic in the science and technology circle recently. At the 315 party, cases such as companies illegally collecting face information and cleaning up software stealing information from the elderly were exposed. From the perspective of the regulatory authorities, the protection measures for personal information are also increasing.

Last week, Yang Xiaowei, deputy director of the National Internet Information Office, said at a press conference that the Data Security Law and the Personal Information Protection Law are being stepped up to provide legal protection for data security and personal privacy protection at the legal level.

Yesterday, the State Internet Information Office, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the Ministry of Public Security and the State Administration of Market Supervision jointly issued the Provisions on the Scope of Necessary Personal Information for Common Mobile Internet Applications (hereinafter referred to as the Regulations).

, which shall come into force on May 1, 2021.

Does the App have excessive collection of personal information? If the user does not agree to provide unnecessary personal information, the App refuses to provide users with basic functional services? In this regard, Sohu Technology reviewed the privacy policies of the top ten commonly used apps and compared them with the necessary personal information defined in the Regulations.

It should be noted that whether device and log information and Cookie belong to personal information is still controversial. If it is counted as personal information and strictly in accordance with the restrictions in the Regulations, Sohu Technology found that the top ten apps, including iQiyi, Baidu Map, Didi, Alipay, Meituan, Pinduoduo, Taobao, WeChat, QQ and Tik Tok, may need to be rectified. Because in addition to the necessary information mentioned in the Regulations, these apps will also collect users’ device and log information, Cookie and similar data files by default.

Generally speaking, equipment information mainly includes unique equipment identification code, login IP address, equipment model, etc. Log information mainly includes browsing records, retrieval records, access date and time, etc.

Of course, if the above information is not defined as personal information, then the personal information collection of these apps is basically compliant. Some apps have out-of-range information collection, which users can refuse and will only affect additional services.

Iqiyi:

In the "Regulations", the basic functional services of online audio-visual apps are "movies, music search and playback", and the basic functional services can be used without personal information.

In the privacy policy of iQiyi, iQiyi claims that the collection of device information and log information is to provide the most core service content display/play/download service. If the above information and/or permission are refused, the products and services may not be used. Iqiyi also stressed that individual device information, log information, etc. cannot identify the user’s identity information.

Specifically, the device information includes MAC address of the device, unique device identification code, login IP address, device model, device name, device identification, browser type and setting, language setting, operating system and application version, access mode to the network, network quality data, mobile network information (including operator name), product version number, and information related to the location of the device.

In terms of log information, iQiyi will automatically collect users’ personal online records and save them as relevant operation logs and service logs, including browsing records, likes/sharing/comments/interaction records, collection/attention/reservation records, playing records, playing duration, and date and time of visit.

Iqiyi said that Cookie and similar technologies may be used to collect some personal information of users, including their habits of visiting websites, browsing information and login information.

Didi:

In the "Regulations", the basic functional services of online car-hailing apps are "online taxi booking service and cruise taxi calling service", and the necessary personal information includes: 1. Mobile phone number of registered users; 2. The passenger’s departure place, arrival place, location information and whereabouts; 3. Payment information such as payment time, payment amount and payment channel (online booking taxi service).

In Didi’s privacy policy, personal information necessary to complete the above basic functions includes mobile phone number, itinerary information, payment information, location information, order information and transaction status, audio and video recording information, equipment information and log information.

Specifically, users need a mobile phone number and a password to register. If they log in with WeChat, they also need to obtain the OpenID； of WeChat platform. Travel information, including departure place, arrival place, whereabouts track, duration and mileage information; Payment information includes payment tools, payment account risk control information and payment status. If users use Didi Wallet, they need to set payment password, record balance, payment record, cash withdrawal record and bank card number.

In addition, Didi said that in order to improve the product safety capability, the sound information of the in-vehicle environment during the user’s trip will be obtained through software or hardware equipment. Some registered vehicles in the platform may be equipped with in-vehicle video recorders and other equipment, and users may be recorded with video information. Moreover, Didi will collect device information (including device model, operating system version, device settings, MAC address, device identifiers such as IMEI, IDFA and OAID, SIM card IMSI information, SIM card attribution, device environment, mobile application list and other software and hardware feature information) and log information (including browsing records, content retrieval, click to view records, transaction records, IP address browser type, telecom operator, language used, and access date and time).

Alipay:

In the "Regulations", the basic functions of online payment apps are "online payment, cash withdrawal, transfer and other functions", and the necessary personal information includes: 1. Mobile phone number of registered users; 2 registered user name, certificate type and number, certificate validity period, bank card number.

In Alipay’s privacy policy, users need to provide their mobile phone number or email address as account login names. Users also need to provide basic identity information, including name, nationality, gender, occupation, address, contact information, type, number and expiration date of valid identity documents, and color photocopies or photos of valid identity documents.

In the operation of balance payment, it is necessary to record the balance information and transaction information of the payment account; In fast payment, users need to provide the name of the bank, the card number of the bank card, the validity period of the bank card, the name and ID number, and the reserved mobile phone number of the bank; In the transfer operation, if you transfer money to someone else’s Alipay account, you need to enter the payee’s account, payee’s partial name and transfer amount; When transferring money to someone else’s bank card, you need to enter the payee’s name, card number and bank.

When a user makes a purchase, Alipay claims that it will collect the transaction information of the user directly or from merchants, including transaction amount, transaction object, transaction commodity, transaction time and delivery information (if any). If the user does not agree, the transaction may not be completed.

In addition, for security reasons, Alipay claims that it needs to record Alipay service category, mode, equipment brand, equipment model, equipment name, IP address, MAC address, equipment software version information, equipment identification code, equipment identifier, location, network usage habits, equipment-related application information and other log information related to Alipay services. If you don’t agree to record the above information, you may not be able to complete the wind control verification.

Baidu map:

In the "Regulations", the basic function service of map navigation App is "positioning and navigation", and the necessary personal information is: location information, departure place and arrival place.

Through Baidu Map Privacy Policy, we can see that the personal information directly provided by users and automatically collected by App includes: registration information, device information, location information, log information, vehicle information, address book information, calendar information, application list information, and the information beyond the scope is mainly collected for additional services.

For example, in terms of registration information, when registering a Baidu universal account, users need to provide the account name, avatar, secret email address, secret mobile phone, secret security questions, and create a password. Or, log in with a third-party account. Baidu map privacy policy points out that if you don’t log in to Baidu map, it will not prevent users from using the core business functions of location service and search service, but it will affect the use of additional business functions such as error reporting and comment.

Meituan:

In the "Regulations", the basic function service of catering take-away App is "catering purchase and delivery", and the necessary personal information includes: 1. Mobile phone number of registered users; 2. The consignee’s name, address and telephone number; 3. Payment information such as payment time, payment amount and payment channel.

In Meituan’s privacy policy, users need to provide their mobile phone numbers to create accounts, and improve relevant network identification information (such as avatar, nickname and login password, etc.); In terms of payment information, it is necessary to collect the order information, reconciliation information and other necessary information required by law; When it comes to delivery and other services, users need to provide the name, gender, mobile phone number, delivery address, house number, etc. of the consignee.

In addition, Meituan will also collect logs and equipment information. When users use the products/services provided by Meituan, Meituan will collect information such as browsing, searching, clicking, collecting, adding shopping carts, trading, after-sales, paying attention to, sharing and publishing, and save them as relevant web logs, including IP address, browser type, language used, operating system version, date and time of visit, telecom operator, network request, etc.

Meituan will also obtain user’s device information, including device attributes, connection and status information, such as device model, device identifier (IMEI/Android ID/IDFA/OpenUdid/GUID/OAID, SIM card IMSI, ICCID information, etc.), device MAC address, software list, telecom operator and other software and hardware feature information.

Pinduoduo:

In the "Regulations", the basic function service of online shopping apps is "purchasing goods", and the necessary personal information includes: 1. The mobile phone number of registered users; 2. The consignee’s name, address and telephone number; 3. Payment information such as payment time, payment amount and payment channel.

In Pinduoduo’s privacy policy, users need to provide their mobile phone number for registration to complete the basic function of "purchase", and Pinduoduo will collect the user’s equipment information, log information, order information and payment information.

Specifically, device information includes but is not limited to device type, device model, device setting, device identification code, device storage space, operating system and application version, language setting, resolution, and software and hardware feature information. In addition, Pinduoduo may write into the storage space of the devices used by users when accessing the Pinduoduo platform or using Pinduoduo services.

In terms of log information, Pinduoduo said that when users visit the Pinduoduo platform or use services, the system may automatically receive and record information on browsers and computers (including but not limited to IP address, browser type, search records, browsing records, browsing habits, language used, date and time of visit, telecom operators and web records of recording requirements).

The order information includes the name (or name) of the consignee, the receiving address and the telephone number. The order also contains the order number, the information of the goods or services purchased, the time of placing the order, the time of group formation, the actual payment amount and the payment method adopted. As for payment information, users can complete payment through third-party payment institutions, and the payment function itself does not collect personal information. However, Pinduoduo needs to share the user’s order number, transaction amount and transaction information required by other payment institutions selected by users with the payment institutions selected by users.

In addition, Pinduoduo said that users may know their identity and usage habits through cookies, but users can modify their acceptance of cookies or reject cookies from Pinduoduo through their browsers.

Taobao:

"Taobao Privacy Policy" shows that in addition to the telephone number required for member registration, the company will collect information about users’ collections, purchases and purchases, and the location of users to recommend goods and services. For the sake of security, Taobao said that it needs to collect and process the user’s equipment information and log information. In addition, in order to provide preferential information about nearby goods and services, the user’s location information will also be read, but the user can choose to turn it off.

Taobao said that most of the above personal information was provided by users voluntarily, or Taobao obtained it through Cookies, SDK and similar technologies when users used products, and some of it was obtained indirectly from third parties.

Wechat:

In the "Regulations", the basic functional service of instant messaging apps is "providing online instant messaging services such as text, pictures, voice and video". The necessary personal information includes: 1. The mobile phone number of registered users; 2. Account information: account number and account number list of instant messaging contacts.

The Guide to Privacy Protection of WeChat shows that when users register for WeChat service, the information they need to provide includes account information, mobile phone number, device model, operating system, login IP address, search conducted on WeChat, records of viewing operations and other log information. WeChat calls this kind of information "the basic information that must be collected to provide services".

When using functions such as nearby people, shaking, face-to-face group building and nearby applets, WeChat will record the geographical location information after obtaining the user’s consent. If it refuses to provide it, it will not be able to use the above functions. Wechat search, search and take a look also collect search records, reading records, recommendation records and visit times, comments and interaction records.

With the continuous superposition of WeChat functions, in addition to the basic communication functions, WeChat also carries many other needs, which inevitably involves more personal information collection.

QQ：

"Guidelines for QQ Privacy Protection" shows that when users use QQ services, they will collect log information such as device model, operating system, device Mac address, unique device identifier, application ID, login IP address, QQ software version number, access mode, type and status, network quality data, operation log, service log information (such as your browsing history under reading function, service failure information, etc.), which is for providing information.

QQ will collect some sensitive information, such as steps, mobile phone contact information and geographical location information, when users use some functions, but refusing to provide them will make users unable to use related specific functions, but will not affect the use of other QQ functions.

In addition, third-party partners of QQ will use third-party SDK to collect and use users’ personal information. For example, users can share specific content to Sina Weibo, and QQ is connected to Sina Weibo SDK. Third-party partners may collect personal common equipment information and network status. When users use Huawei mobile phones, the mobile phone manufacturer Push SDK accessed by QQ needs to collect the MAC address and unique identification information (such as IMEI) of the mobile phone device, and may collect parameters such as the user’s mobile phone model, system type, system version, network status, etc. for pushing information.

Like WeChat, the user information collected by QQ is also out of scope, but according to the Guidelines, if you refuse to provide relevant information, it will only affect the corresponding functions and will not affect the basic functions.

Tik Tok:

In the "Regulations", the basic function service of short video apps is "video search and play for no more than a certain period of time", and the basic function service can be used without personal information.

Tik Tok Privacy Policy points out that the information provided by users and obtained by automatic means includes account number, identity authentication, log information (click, follow, collect, search, browse and share), release information, address book, geographical location information and equipment information.

However, Tik Tok said, "Based on our cooperation with communication operators, when you use the" one-click login "function of Tik Tok, the operator will send us your mobile phone number with your express consent, so that we can provide you with fast login service. The mobile phone number belongs to personal sensitive information. If you refuse to provide it, you will not be able to register and log in to Tik Tok by "one-click login", but it will not affect your registration and login by other means, nor will it affect the normal use of other functions. "

In addition, Tik Tok said that in order to improve the uploading speed of audio and video, enrich the publishing function and optimize the experience, when users publish audio and video, Tik Tok will temporarily load the audio and video to the server before clicking "Publish" to confirm the uploading. However, users can turn it off in the settings.

To sum up, users’ device information, log information and Cookie are basically collected by default. After entering the App, there is no relevant button to choose to reject the "collected" device and log information; If you want to reject the "collected" Cookie, you need to turn off the relevant permissions in the browser, and you need the browser to support the relevant functions.

For example, in the Regulations, online audio-visual apps can use basic functional services without personal information. In iQiyi’s privacy policy, iQiyi claims that refusing to provide equipment information and log information may lead to the inability to use products and services.

It should be noted that the definition of whether device information, log information, etc. belong to personal information is still vague. Pinduoduo mentioned in his privacy policy that individual device information, log information, search keyword information and other information or data that cannot be directly linked with a specific individual are not personal information or personal sensitive information. However, according to the national standard "Information Security Technology Personal Information Security Specification" implemented in October last year, online records, common equipment information, etc. belong to personal information.

　　【Pacific auto network tire channel】 This issue of Xiaobian will introduce you to sports tires. The biggest feature of sports tires is high performance and excellent handling performance. There are many sports tires on the market, and the more choices car owners face when changing tires, the more tangled they tend to be. The average car owner will buy according to several aspects: brand, price, original tires and friends’ introduction, etc. These are good methods, but the most important thing is that the car mainly knows the tires and knows what kind of tires to choose. Therefore, Xiaobian will introduce the mainstream representative sports tires on the market, so that everyone can understand them first and then make a choice.　　

　 　In order to facilitate your reading, please first understand the following parameters:

　　Hub diameterAlso called rim diameter, it refers to the size of the tire suitable for mounting on the hub.load index, refers to the maximum upper limit load of the tire.speed, refers to the maximum upper limit speed of the tire.figure, refers to the structure of tread grain, mainly including symmetry, asymmetry and single direction.abrasionindex, is the main measure of tire tread wear performance and service life of the logo, the higher the score, the more wear-resistant.Traction index, which is a measure of the adhesion between tires and the ground, is divided into four levels: AA, A, B and C, with AA being the highest.Heat generation index, is the ability of tire to resist heat generation, which is related to the high-speed performance of tire. It is divided into three levels: A, B and C, with A being the best. (Please click for more details.This > > >)

　　　 What is a sports tire? Sports Performance The tread groove of the tire is relatively wide and the tread blocks are relatively large, in order to have good drainage performance and strong grip on the ground, but this kind of tire has obvious shortcomings, such as loud noise and poor comfort. Sports tires and comfortable tires are two extremes. To pursue the sports performance of tires, we must give up the comfort performance, and vice versa. However, there are also some tires that can achieve comfortable and well-balanced movement, such as Pirelli’s P Zero Rosso and Goodyear Sanneng.

You can click the following link to jump directly to the tire brand information you want to know:

　●　Korean brand:High performance/handling/safety

The use price range of compact, medium-sized and medium-sized cars with 16-19 inch wheels: 760-1600 yuan.

　 Korean sports tires are represented by Kumho Escta LE Sport KU39C and Han Tai Ventus S1 Evo K107, which are the representatives of these two brands. KU39C can keep the vehicle in excellent handling at high speed by dispersing the contact pressure. There are three large grooves in the center of the tread, which can improve the drainage ability of the tire, improve the handling safety and braking performance, and strengthen the safety of driving in rainy days when driving on wet roads.

　　　 Han Tai K107The interior is composed of high-density and high-strength steel wires and cords, and the tread also adopts the pattern design of 3D curve diversity. Moreover, through the latest computer simulation technology, the best dynamic grounding shape and stress state in various situations are obtained. Combined with the silicon-containing formula of HDS, HDBS can effectively shorten the braking distance of cars in sunny and rainy days, improve the driving stability, be more conducive to driving safety and save fuel.

　　　 In terms of wheel hub specifications, Kumho KU39C is 19 inches larger than Han Tai K107, and KU39C has only three dimensions of 16, 17 and 18 inches, while K107 has four dimensions of 16, 17, 18 and 19 inches. The range of K107 adaptive models is larger than that of KU39C, and its positioning is also higher than that of KU39C. However, the quotations on these two Taobao are not much different, or even the same. Both are Korean brands. How to choose them depends on consumers’ preferences.

●　Japanese brand: ultra-high performance/Handling/safety/comfort

Compact, medium-sized and medium-sized cars suitable for 14-20-inch wheels: 630-4400 yuan.

　　The representatives of Japanese sports tires are Deng Lupu DIRZZA DZ101 and Bridgestone POTENZA RE050. DIRZZA DZ101 is a sports tire in Deng Lupu, which contains a unique sports compound with Direzza pattern, and has strong grip and braking performance in dry and wet areas. DZ101 uses low noise pattern and mixed belt layer, which improves the quietness and comfort, and the wear resistance is also acceptable.

　　　 Bridgestone POTENZA RE050 is an ultra-high performance sports tire, which has ultra-high wet and dry road performance, and the outer tread is specially designed for dry road performance, ensuring the maximum grip and road adhesion. The inner pattern can improve the wet road performance to the greatest extent, and has good drainage effect, which can also provide excellent wet road performance and braking performance even at high speed. In addition, the design and layout of patterns suppress road noise and ensure comfortable driving. It is a tire with high ultimate performance and excellent handling performance.

　　　These two kinds of sports tire wheels have a wide range of adaptation, ranging from 15 to 20 inches, but there are still some differences. Deng Lupu DZ101 wheels have a range of adaptation from 15 to 19 inches, with a total of five specifications; Bridgestone RE050 has a range of 16-20 inches, with a total of 5 specifications. There is no 20-inch large size in Deng Lupu, while Bridgestone focuses on 16-20-inch large size, which is higher in positioning than DZ101 in Deng Lupu, and the price is quite different.

●　European and American brands:High performance/handling

Compact, medium-sized and medium-sized cars suitable for 16-22-inch wheels: 650-6600 yuan.

　　　 Representatives of sports tires in Europe and America include Goodyear Eagle F1 Directional 5, ContiSportContact 3, Pirelli P Zero and Michelin Pilot Sport 3. The tread of Goodyear Eagle F1 Directional 5 integrates three technologies: central annular rib, fully enclosed shoulder and polymer formula. The annular rib in the center of the tread improves the steering response ability; Shoulders on both sides are fully enclosed to reduce the noise generated by the tire during driving; The optimized tire carcass section increases the ground contact area, and finally improves the grip.

　　　　The most important feature of ContiSportContact 3 is its excellent steering accuracy. CSC 3 can maintain excellent road grip for vehicles when they are driving at high speed, undergoing fierce control or under great force on tires. Its asymmetric rib are used to absorb that longitudinal force generate during braking, and the tread ribs have high longitudinal hardness, while the continuous rib can absorb the longitudinal force, and when steering rapidly, the external forces generate high unilateral forces on the tread ribs.

　　　 Pirelli P zero is positioned as the original tire of the highest performance car and high horsepower model. itThree solid longitudinal rib patterns are adopted, and the hard pattern blocks on the shoulder can still have high lateral rigidity and steering response at high speed, which is better improved.racing carControl performance of. The three wide longitudinal grooves on the tread have the ability of rapid drainage and improve the safety and control ability of wetland driving.It adopts a new nano formula to give full play to the tire’s grip and stability to the best level.

　　　 Michelin Pilot Sport 3 is a high-performance and strong handling tire, which pays more attention to driving pleasure and handling performance. PS3 can make the vehicle achieve the effects of stable acceleration, high-speed cornering and shorter braking distance. As the silicon-containing formula is added to the tire, the shoulder is chamfered, which reduces the rolling resistance and saves fuel.

　　　 Ma brand CSC3 and Pirelli P Zero adapt to a wide range of wheels, the largest of which is 22 inches. However, the largest Goodyear D5 and Michelin PS3 are only 20 inches. Compared with the first two, the adaptation range is relatively small. Although the range of Michelin PS3 adaptive hub is only 15-19 inches, its positioning is higher than that of Goodyear D5, so the price is also higher. Ma brand CSC3 and Pirelli P Zero, as representatives of first-line brands, are up to 22 inches in size, so their prices are also very high, with the highest asking price of 6600 yuan.

If you want to know more about tires, please click on the related links below:

●　Korean brand:

1. Kumho:Ecsta LE Sport KU39C High Performance/Control

Suitable for compact cars and medium-sized cars with 16-18 inches wheels. Price range: 800-1600 yuan.

　　KU39C is a high-end sports tire positioned by Kumho, which can keep the vehicle in excellent handling at high speed by dispersing the contact pressure. The tread design of KU39C has three large centerline grooves, which can improve the drainage capacity, improve the handling safety and braking performance, and enhance the driving safety in rainy days.

　 　 The wear resistance index of KU39C is 280, and its wear resistance is average, but its traction index reaches the highest AA level, and its speed can reach the highest Y level (300km/h). KU39ChubThere are three sizes of 16, 17 and 18 inches, and now the main compact and medium-sized cars are suitable for this tire.

　 The mainstream specifications of KU39C market are as follows225/55 R16、235/45 R17and245/45 R18, the main adaptive models areAudi A4L、Volkswagen CCandRegalWait.

　 Editorial recommendation index：★★☆☆☆

　 Recommended reason:KU39C is an ultra-high performance sports tire in Jinhu, and its handling performance is not bad. However, as a third-line brand, its brand awareness and performance are still far behind those of first-and second-line brands, but it is better than its lower price and higher cost performance.

2. Hankook Tire: Ventus S1 Evo K107 Control/Safety

Compact, medium-sized and medium-sized cars suitable for 16-19 inch wheels: 760-1600 yuan.

　　 Ventus S1, Han Tai　Evo　K107 is a tire with excellent handling performance and high safety performance. Its interior is composed of high-density and high-strength steel wires and cords, and the tread also adopts the pattern design with various 3D curves. Moreover, through the latest computer simulation technology, the best dynamic grounding shape and stress state in various situations are obtained. With the silicon-containing formula of HDS, it can effectively shorten the braking distance of the car in sunny and rainy days, improve the driving stability, be more conducive to driving safety and save fuel consumption to a certain extent.

　 　 There are four sizes of K107 wheels: 16, 17, 18 and 19 inches. Because K107 is a sports tire, most of the wheels with large sizes are imported, and most of them are made in China with small sizes. 19 inches is completely imported, 17 and 18 inches are imported, and only 16 inches is completely made in China.

　　　 The main specifications of K107 are as follows225/55 R16、225/45 R17and225/45 R18Adapted models are concentrated in medium and large high-end luxury cars, includingAudi A8、Audi TT、Bmw Z4andMercedes-benz e-classWait.

　 Editorial recommendation index：★★★☆☆

　 Recommended reason:K107 is also the main sports tire in Han Tai, its sports performance is better than that of KU39C, and its price is almost the same as that of KU39C, and the small size is cheaper than it. The price will not be too high, which is acceptable to many consumers.

●　Japanese brands:

1.Deng Lupu DIRZADZ101 Control/Safety

Compact, medium-sized and medium-sized cars suitable for 15-19-inch wheels: 630-1980 yuan.

　　DIRZZA DZ101, known as a street fighter, is a high-performance sports tire in Deng Lupu. It is a tire with single guide pattern. It contains the unique sports composition of Direzza pattern, and has strong dry and wet grip. This composite is an organic combination of "highly filled carbon black particles" and "silicon oxide", which effectively expands the ground contact area and is easier to generate heat, thus improving the grip. They can make the tire have excellent grip and braking performance even at low temperature.

　　DZ101 uses low noise patterns and mixed belts to improve the quietness and comfort. The widened main longitudinal grain and the lengthened diagonal branch grain not only reduce the eccentric wear, but also play an excellent drainage performance. Direzza’s pattern effectively makes the wear distribution of the table top uniform and reduces the eccentric wear, whether in normal driving state or in sports driving state. Through the simulated skid experiment, it is verified that the design of the main groove and the secondary groove of DZ101 completely subverts the wet performance that people have difficulty in owning sports tires in the past.

　　　　The DZ101 wheel hub has five specifications of 15-19 inches, and the adapted models already include mainstream models, and the smallest 15 inches can be adapted to smaller modified models. It’s just that it has a tire width of 15-17 inches and gives people too few choices.

　　　　 DZ101 mainstream specifications in the market are as follows225/45 R17、225/40 R18and245/35 R19, adapt to the models are mainlyCIVIC、BMW 3 Series、RegalandCamryWait.

　 Editorial recommendation index：★★★★☆

　 Recommended reason:Deng Lupu DZ101 has excellent sports performance. It can be seen from its pattern that its sports performance is not simple. The price of this tire is not expensive, but it is only a few hundred more than the previous two models. The range of wheel hub adaptation is large, and the owners have more choices.

2. Bridgestone POTENZA RE050 ultra-high performance/control

Compact, medium-sized and medium-sized cars suitable for 16-20-inch wheels: 1080-4450 yuan.

　　POTENZA RE050 is a Bridgestone ultra-high performance sports tire, which has ultra-high wet and dry road performance, and the outer tread is specially designed for dry road performance, which ensures the maximum grip and road adhesion, and strongly supports the fast start and high-speed performance. The inner pattern can improve the wet road performance to the greatest extent, and has good drainage effect, which can also provide excellent wet road performance and braking performance even at high speed. In addition, the design and layout of patterns suppress road noise and ensure comfortable driving.

　　RE050, the flagship product of Bridgestone Poztenza series, has excellent extreme performance and high-level handling performance, which has created high-quality tires.

　 　 RE050 has five specifications of 16-20 inches, and there are many choices of tire width and flat ratio to meet the needs of different vehicle wheels. Due to the high-end positioning of RE050, the larger the wheel hub size, the larger its tire width, the smaller the flatness ratio and the more expensive it is.

　　 RE050 mainstream specifications are as follows225/50 R17、255/50 R18and285/35 R19, adapt to the models are mainlyBMW 3 Series、Bmw 5 series、Audi A8L、Mercedes C63andFerrari F430Wait.

　 Editorial recommendation index：★★★★★

　 Recommended reason:Bridgestone Potenza RE050 is a tire with excellent handling performance, excellent linearity and strong grip. Although the price of RE050 is on the high side, it is well controlled, and the noise level is well controlled in the sports tires, which is both expensive and reasonable. Xiaobian strongly recommends it.

●　European and American brands:

1. Goodyear: Eagle F1 Directional 5 High Performance/Sport

Compact, medium-sized and medium-sized cars suitable for 16-20-inch wheels: 800-2060 yuan.

　　　　Goodyear Eagle F1 Directional 5 is a tire with single tread pattern. The tread integrates three technologies: central annular rib, fully enclosed shoulder and polymer formula. This is Goodyear’s SportGrip technology. The central annular rib improves the steering response ability; Shoulders on both sides are fully enclosed to reduce the noise generated by the tire during driving; The optimized tire carcass section increases the ground contact area, and finally improves the grip. This design not only improves the grip, but also reduces the noise, killing two birds with one stone.

　　According to the test, D5′ s lateral grip is stronger than D3′ s, and its handling response is better when changing lines, and there will be no tire ringing or slipping for a long time when hitting the direction at a fast and large angle. This is mainly due to the design of the four main drainage grooves of the tread (to improve the drainage capacity) and the central annular rib (to improve the response ability of line change).

　　　　 D5′ s wear index is 300, which is not too high or too low. For an active high-performance sports tire, it’s ok. One thing we should pay attention to, D5 is a tire with a single guide pattern. What does this mean? When installing, it is necessary to clearly distinguish the direction from the inside and outside, and it is also very troublesome to choose the spare tire. It can only be installed on one side, and another time, we must find another way. Its wheels have five specifications of 16-20 inches, which are mainly suitable for compact, medium-sized and medium-sized cars.

　　　　 D5 mainstream specifications are as follows235/45 R17、255/55 R18and275/45 R20, the adaptive models areMercedes-benz e-class、Regal GS、Audi A8LandChevrolet CamaroWait a minute.

　 Editorial recommendation index：★★★★☆

　 Recommended reason:Although the handling performance of Goodyear D5 is not as good as that of F1 asymmetric 2nd generation, its handling performance is good. Mainly because its price is not too high, car owners who are not particularly demanding on handling can choose it.

2. Horse brand: ContiSportContaCt 3 ultra-high performance/control

Compact, medium-sized and medium-sized cars suitable for 16-22 inches (except 21 inches) wheels: 739-5140 yuan.

　　ContiSportContact 3 is a horse brand tire specially assembled for high-performance sports cars. Its most important feature is excellent steering accuracy. CSC3 can maintain excellent road grip for vehicles when they are driving at high speed, maneuvering sharply or the tires are under great force. How is its grip performance achieved?

　　In fact, the asymmetric tread ribs of CSC3 are used to absorb the longitudinal force generated during braking. The tread ribs have high longitudinal hardness, and the continuous tread ribs can absorb the longitudinal force. When steering rapidly, the external force on the tread ribs is high. Asymmetric tread rib design can stabilize ribs and reduce deformation under these forces, and the steering accuracy is higher.

　　Except on dry roads, it provides excellent braking performance and steering accuracy and shortens braking distance. On the wet road surface, the unique groove improves the drainage performance and provides excellent anti-skid performance.

　　　　 The specifications of CSC3 wheel hub are 16-22 inches (except 21 inches), and the models are compact, medium and large, and luxury cars, while the 22-inch wheel hub is suitable for more modified cars. Its wear index is 280, and its wear resistance is average, but its traction index reaches the highest AA level, and its handling performance is very strong.

　　　 The specifications of CSC3 mainstream are as follows245/45 R17、245/40 R18and255/45 ZR19And so on, the adaptive models areMercedes-benz e-class、S80LandPanameraWait.

　 Editorial recommendation index：★★★★☆

　 Recommended reason:CSC3 is the main sports tire of Mapai. It can exert excellent handling performance, and its wide pattern blocks can tell that the sports performance is high. It’s just that the wear resistance of this kind of tire is average, and as a first-line tire brand, Ma brand has a relatively high price.

3.Pirelli:P zero ultra-high performance/handling/comfort

Suitable for medium-sized and large-sized cars with 17-22-inch wheels. Price: 1280-6600 yuan.

　　P zero is a milestone of Pirelli products, and it is positioned as the original tire of the highest performance car and high horsepower model. it is458andLamborghini AventadorWaiting for the original tires of the super sports car. P zero adopts three solid longitudinal rib patterns, and the hard pattern blocks on the shoulder can still have high lateral rigidity and steering response at high speed, which is better improved.racing carControl performance of. The three wide longitudinal grooves on the tread have the ability of rapid drainage and improve the safety and control ability of wetland driving.

　　P zero adopts asymmetric tread pattern, which can effectively improve braking and handling performance. At the same time, it uses a new nano-formula to give full play to the tire’s grip and stability to the best level. Its tread contact with the ground is as uniform as the new P7, and its durability is good. Although P zero is an ultra-high performance sports tire, the "S-shaped" groove on the tread can help reduce tire noise, and this design helps to improve driving comfort.

　 　 　There are six sizes of P zero wheels, including 17-22, 21-inch and 22-inch, and its tire width is wide, which is suitable for more super sports car wheels. Its wear index is 220, and its wear resistance is average.

　　　 P zero mainstream specifications are255/35 R19、255/45 R19and295/35 R20, the main adaptation models areAudi A5、Audi A6、Mercedes GLKandFerrari458Wait.

　 Editorial recommendation index：★★★★★

　 Recommended reason:P Zero’s sports performance is recognized as good, and everyone is basically not picky about it, except for its high price. Just a sports car that deserves this kind of tire, the owner will not be there.Meaning that little money.

4.Michelin: Pilot Sport 3 high performance/strong handling/more fuel-efficient.

Compact, medium-sized and medium-sized cars suitable for 15-19-inch wheels: 650-3000 yuan.

　　Pilot Sport 3(PS3) is a Michelin tire with high performance and strong handling, which pays more attention to driving pleasure and handling performance. PS3 can make the vehicle achieve the effects of stable acceleration, high-speed cornering and shorter braking distance. Because the silicon-containing formula is added to the tire and the shoulder is chamfered, the rolling resistance is reduced, and PS3 is more fuel-efficient than PP2.

　 　 The wheel hub specifications of PS3 are biased towards mid-to high-end sports performance models, and the mainstream specifications are 245/45 ZR18. Here, we will explain the meaning of "ZR". In the first issue, we have explained that "Z" stands for high-speed tires. Suitable models for fitting this tire areRegal、Audi A6L、Ferrari 348TSWait. If you really like sports and your car’s wheels have the right specifications, you can consider changing into a PS3.

　 Editorial recommendation index：★★★★☆

　 Recommended reason:PS3 is not Michelin’s best sports tire, but its price and specifications are mainstream, and it is more accepted by the public than Ploit Supre Sport, but its performance is far from P Zero. However, the price of the PS3 is not high, and many car owners accept it.

　Related links:

　　Cctv newsIn Lincang, Yunnan Province, deep in the boundless mountains, there is a 10,000-meter-long tunnel under construction at the construction site of the China-Myanmar International Passage, named "Hongdoushan Tunnel". Because of the special geological conditions, there are 8 kinds of toxic gases in the tunnel, accompanied by high temperature of 40 degrees, water inrush and mud outburst.

　　This is the boundless mountain, which stretches for hundreds of miles, majestic and steep, and the only China-Myanmar international corridor leading to Myanmar is under construction in China, which passes through here. Among them, the control project, Hongdoushan Tunnel, is located in the hinterland of the boundless mountains, adjacent to the Lancang River, with a maximum buried depth of 1020 meters. But no one expected that the mysterious and beautiful boundless mountains are rich in eight kinds of toxic and harmful gases, such as hydrogen sulfide, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, due to extremely special geological conditions. The first echelon workers in charge of tunnel excavation must wear gas masks during construction.

　　The toxic gas in the tunnel seems to be trapped in balloons and hidden in the rocks of the boundless mountains. Once these toxic balloons are punctured during construction, the toxic gas will explode. In 2017, the construction team that just entered the site for one year, due to insufficient research and treatment experience of toxic gases in the tunnel, led to a gas outburst accident in Hongdoushan Tunnel. Subsequently, two-thirds of employees applied for evacuation from the construction site, and the project was once at a standstill.

　　Just then, Zhao Yu, who has 20 years of experience in tunnel construction, was ordered to come here.

Zhao Yu, manager of Dalin Railway Project Department of China Railway 10th Bureau.

　　Zhao Yu, manager of Dalin Railway Project Department of China Railway 10th Bureau.Everyone has no retreat, so we leaders, from myself, have no retreat and must stand in the front line.

　　Zhao Yu and Quan Fei, who was demoted to deputy chief engineer because of the sudden explosion accident, gathered the employees in the project team who had not been evacuated and formed a new team. Everyone should go against the trend.

　　A tunnel contains many mysterious poisonous gases. This kind of difficulty, which is rare in the world, is a rare opportunity in the eyes of the brave. The new team invited experts from various fields to conduct in-depth investigation, and must thoroughly understand the poisonous gas in Hongdoushan Tunnel.

　　After investigation by experts, the extremely dangerous area of toxic and harmful gases in Hongdoushan Tunnel reached 5764 meters, accounting for more than half of the total length of the tunnel. Everyone agrees that the rare geological environment conditions and the complex and changeable gas composition of Hongdoushan Tunnel have exceeded the cognitive level of current geological exploration technology, and its prevention measures are still in the stage of research and exploration.

　　This conclusion of the expert group means that the construction party cannot get more help from the past experience and technology.

　　Every step is exploration, but once the road is explored, it is the way to get rid of the predicament.

　　After the tunnel air is thoroughly disinfected and ventilated, the second echelon personnel can take off their gas masks and enter the construction site. Eight kinds of toxic gas dilemmas in Hongdoushan Tunnel have finally been broken through in actual combat.

　　On August 17th, last year, there was another danger of water gushing in the No.2 inclined shaft of the tunnel. Although the construction can be continued after 37 days of pumping and drainage, now, the constantly gushing water will still flood some construction areas, and the workers need to stand waist-deep in the water all the time.

　　Eight kinds of poisonous gas, high temperature and sudden mud gushing are not only the first time in the history of tunnel construction in China, but also rare in the world. The team of Hongdoushan Tunnel has constantly solved various rare problems in the construction, but it has also accumulated very valuable experience and technology for tunnel construction in China.

　　In June this year, the first batch of patents and academic papers based on the construction of Hongdoushan Tunnel will be published soon. By the end of this year, the scientific research results involving six patents will also be fully launched.

　　At present, the construction of Hongdoushan Tunnel has exceeded 3,000 meters, and the key project of China-Myanmar International Corridor — — The construction of Dalin Railway is also progressing steadily. After it is completed and opened to traffic in 2021, it will play a positive role in improving the railway network in western China and highlighting the interconnection of infrastructure between Yunnan and neighboring countries.

atmospheric pollution

What is it?

Air pollution is a phenomenon that some substances enter the atmosphere due to human activities or natural processes, showing sufficient concentration for enough time, and thus endangering human comfort, health and welfare or the environment.

Air pollutants enter the atmosphere (input) from man-made or natural sources, participate in the circulation process of the atmosphere, and are removed (output) from the atmosphere through chemical reactions, biological activities and physical sedimentation after a certain retention time. If the output rate is less than the input rate, it will be relatively concentrated in the atmosphere, resulting in an increase in the concentration of a substance in the atmosphere. When the concentration rises to a certain extent, it will directly or indirectly cause acute and chronic harm to people, organisms or materials, and the atmosphere will be polluted.

1. Sources of air pollutants

(1) Natural sources of air pollution

Volcanic eruption: H2S, CO2, CO, HF, SO2 and volcanic ash are emitted.

Forest fire: CO, CO2, SO2, NO2, HC, etc. are emitted.

Natural dust: wind sand, soil dust, etc.

Forest plant release: mainly terpene hydrocarbons.

Wave droplet particles: mainly sulfate and sulfite.

In some cases, natural sources are more important than man-made sources. According to relevant statistics, 93% of global nitrogen emissions and 60% of sulfur oxide emissions come from natural sources.

(2) Man-made pollution sources

The atmospheric pollution source usually refers to the source of pollutants transported to the atmosphere by human activities. Man-made pollution sources of the atmosphere can be summarized as the following four aspects:

Fuel combustion: the combustion process of fuels (coal, oil, natural gas, etc.) is an important source of pollutants to the atmosphere. The main component of coal is carbon, and it contains hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and metal compounds. In addition to a large amount of smoke and dust, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, organic compounds, smoke and dust and other substances are also formed during the combustion process.

Emissions from industrial production processes: such as hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides emitted by petrochemical enterprises; Sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and dust containing heavy metal elements discharged by nonferrous metal smelting industry; Fluoride emitted by phosphate fertilizer plants; Sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrogen chloride and various acidic gases discharged from acid-base salinization industry; The iron and steel industry discharges dust, sulfur oxides, cyanide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, phenol, benzene and hydrocarbons in the process of ironmaking, steelmaking and coking. The composition of pollutants is closely related to the nature of industrial enterprises.

Emissions during transportation: The tail gas emitted by automobiles, ships and airplanes is the main source of air pollution. The exhaust gas emitted by internal combustion engine contains carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, oxygen-containing organic compounds, sulfur oxides and lead compounds.

Emissions from agricultural activities: when pesticides are applied in the field, some pesticides will escape into the atmosphere in the form of dust and other particles, and those remaining on crops or adhering to the surface of crops can still volatilize into the atmosphere. Pesticides entering the atmosphere can be absorbed by suspended particles and transported to various places with the airflow, causing atmospheric pesticide pollution. In addition, there are straw burning.

China has enacted "People’s Republic of China (PRC) Environmental Protection Law" and formulated national and regional "waste gas emission standards" to reduce air pollution and protect people’s health.

2. Harm of air pollution

(1) Harm to human body

The harm of air pollutants to human body is various, mainly manifested in respiratory diseases and physiological dysfunction, as well as the irritation of mucous membranes such as eyes and nose, which is a chronic factor causing asthma in the elderly. Insufficient lung qi leads to physical decline.

The influence of air pollution on human body is firstly uncomfortable, then there is a reversible reaction in physiology, and then there are acute harmful symptoms. The harm of air pollution to people can be roughly divided into three types: acute poisoning, chronic poisoning and carcinogenesis.

1. Acute poisoning

When the concentration of pollutants in the air is low, it usually does not cause acute poisoning, but under some special conditions, such as special accidents in the production process of factories, a large number of harmful gases leaking out, and sudden changes in external meteorological conditions, it will cause acute poisoning of people. For example, methyl isocyanate leaked from Pabor pesticide plant in India directly harmed human body, with 2,500 people killed and more than 100,000 injured.

2. Chronic poisoning

The chronic toxic effect of air pollution on human health is mainly manifested in the phenomenon that the prevalence rate increases after pollutants are exposed to human body in low concentration for a long time. The incidence of lung cancer among urban residents in China is very high, the highest of which is in Shanghai, and the respiratory diseases of urban residents are significantly higher than those in suburbs.

3. Carcinogenesis

This is the result of long-term influence, because pollutants act on the body for a long time, damaging the genetic material in the body and causing mutation. If the germ cells mutate, all kinds of abnormalities will appear in the offspring, which is called teratogenicity. If the genetic material and genetic information of organism cells suddenly change, it is also called mutagenicity; If the tumor is induced, it is called carcinogenesis. The "cancer" referred to here includes benign tumors and malignant tumors. Carcinogens in the environment can be divided into chemical carcinogens, physical carcinogens and biological carcinogens. The process of carcinogenesis is quite complicated, generally including initiation stage and growth promotion stage. Factors that can induce tumors are collectively referred to as carcinogenic factors. Tumors caused by long-term exposure to carcinogenic factors in the environment are called environmental tumors. Air pollution will reduce people’s life span.

(2) Harm to plants

Air pollutants, especially sulfur dioxide and fluoride, are very harmful to plants. When the concentration of pollutants is very high, it will cause acute harm to plants, causing damage to the surface of plant leaves, or directly causing leaves to wither and fall off; When the concentration of pollutants is not high, it will cause chronic harm to plants, make the leaves of plants fade green, or there are no harmful symptoms on the surface, but the physiological functions of plants have been affected, resulting in the decline of plant yield and deterioration of quality.

(3) Harm to the climate

Air pollutants can also affect weather and climate. Particulate matter reduces atmospheric visibility and reduces the amount of solar radiation reaching the ground. Especially in large industrial cities, the sunlight is 40% less than normal when the smoke is not scattered. The pollutants in the upper atmosphere, such as nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons and chlorofluorocarbons, decompose ozone in large quantities, causing the "ozone hole" problem, which has become the focus of global attention.

The increase of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide will lead to the warming of the earth’s atmosphere and the increase of global weather disasters. Another example is the increase of aerosol particles such as smoke and dust, which will increase atmospheric turbidity, weaken solar radiation and affect the long-wave radiation of the earth, which may lead to abnormal weather and climate.

(1) Reduce the amount of solar radiation reaching the ground: A large number of smoke particles discharged into the atmosphere from factories, power stations, automobiles and household heating equipment make the air very turbid, which blocks the sunlight and reduces the amount of solar radiation reaching the ground. According to observation and statistics, in the days when the smoke is not scattered in large industrial cities, the amount of direct sunlight hitting the ground is reduced by nearly 40% compared with the days without smoke. In cities with serious air pollution, it will lead to poor growth and development of people, animals and plants due to lack of sunlight every day.

② Increasing atmospheric precipitation: many of the particles discharged from large industrial cities have the function of condensation nuclei of water vapor. Therefore, when there are other precipitation conditions in the atmosphere, there will be precipitation weather. In the downwind areas of big industrial cities, there is more precipitation.

③ Acid rain: Sometimes, the rain falling from the sky contains sulfuric acid. This kind of acid rain is formed by the oxidation of sulfur dioxide, a pollutant in the atmosphere, to form sulfuric acid, which falls with the precipitation in nature. Sulfuric acid rain can destroy large areas of forests and crops, corrode and break paper products, textiles and leather products, deteriorate metal antirust coatings and reduce their protection, and corrode and pollute buildings.

3. How to prevent and control air pollution in life

1. Don’t litter; Travel by bus and subway as much as possible, reduce the use of private cars, and buy new energy vehicles; Participate in greening activities such as planting trees; Private cars are equipped with tail gas treatment devices, and lubricating oil is used to fully burn fuel and reduce harmful gas emissions.

2. On holidays, instead of setting off fireworks and firecrackers, electronic firecrackers can be used instead, no outdoor barbecue, no burning of straw and leaves, and less coal burning to reduce air pollution.

3. Reduce the use of freon-containing air conditioners and refrigerators, and suggest purchasing new energy-saving products.

4. Reduce going out in foggy weather (according to relevant explanations, Ozone refers to ozone, while PM2.5 refers to fine suspended particles with a diameter of less than 2.5 microns, also known as particles that can enter the lungs. This suspended particle is a "health killer" in the air. Extensive damage to respiratory system, heart and blood system).

5. Wear a mask when going out (factors such as mask material, service life and technical level are the criteria for defining the quality of masks. If consumers have no special needs, they don’t have to snap up "concept masks" marked with various functions).

6. It is everyone’s responsibility to prevent and control air pollution. It is the right given to every citizen by law to report and accuse acts that pollute and destroy the environment. When encountering uncivilized acts that pollute the atmosphere, actively report them, jointly safeguard the beautiful blue sky and build a happy Zhuzhou!

Source: Baidu Encyclopedia

New york Halo spa

　　　 Since salt is used as a spa, why should I come here and go directly to the seaside? To tell you the truth, Ray thinks so, too. However, it is said that "this newly-opened Halo spa in new york can treat asthma and drive away the cold". I can’t help but make little Ray curious.

　　　 Located in Manhattan, Halo Spa is the first of its kind in the United States, and it acts like a salt cave in Eastern Europe (like Slovakia).

　　　 Ray told me, "Halo spa also has a children’s room. The children’s room looks like a fairyland, which is very suitable for bringing children." Salt is imported from Ukraine, and it is on the walls and floors, and there are fine salt particles in the air, just like salt spray.

　　　 "I can even smell a smell of salt when I bring my daughter," Ray has always been a man with strong action and keen to reveal secrets. "Maybe I’m afraid that children can’t stay, and there are many toys, rocking wooden horses and TVs in it."

　　　 It is said that this therapy is very popular in Israel. Moreover, it is said that salt therapy can also treat skin diseases, heart diseases, vascular diseases and relieve fatigue and depression, and it is also helpful to quit smoking. That said, I think it should be promoted vigorously in China, so that adults and children don’t have to worry about catching a cold in cold places.

London The Dorchester Spa

　　　 The renovated and reopened Dorchester spa is regarded as the best spa in Britain in 2010. The location is good. The environment in the Mayflower District is absolutely unparalleled in London. The Dorchester Hotel is also famous as the "best business hotel". It is said that each guest has three employees to serve it.

　　　 Gillian, a friend from London, described it as "I know this newly renovated spa is good, but I didn’t expect it to be so good". Unlike traditional spa rooms, which all have a front desk, Dorchester spa is led by a special person directly through a dark aisle to a rest area, with a platinum mirror screen behind it. The highlight of the design is the curtain made of 72,000 South African pearls designed by Linton. Luxury is naturally everywhere, such as sofas and beds inside. If you want to show off, the spa room can really be made into a brand museum. Care products are no exception. Body care products include Vaishaly,Carol Joy London (ask Londoners about the popularity of these two products) and Kerstin Florian (first appeared in the spa room in London).

　　　 Some details in the SPA are also very popular, such as the sound insulation effect of the nursing room is very good. This point was carefully considered when redecorating.

　　　 Dorchester Hotel is a favorite hotel of Hollywood stars, so maybe when you are resting in public space, you will be sitting next to a star who has been in the limelight recently. When Harry Potter and The Lord of the Rings premiered in London, hotels were the first choice for holding receptions and staying with superstars. Sometimes you have to think, isn’t this luxury a bit too much?　

Practice the ambition of serving the country with a pure heart

　　Liu yingshu:"Walking Textbooks" did not hesitate to conquer "Wind Volcano"

　　Reporter: viki.　

　　"The life of the road-building army is facing a serious threat. Can you build a large oxygen station? The headquarters and University of Science and Technology Beijing formed a joint research team to attack this new problem. Scientific and technical personnel forgot to eat and sleep, experimented day and night, and tackled key problems. After more than 200 failures, the world’s first large-scale plateau oxygen station was built! "

　　This is a vivid description of the fifth-grade Chinese text "Repairing the Railway to Lhasa" published by People’s Education Press. The plateau oxygen station mentioned in it was successfully developed and applied by Professor Liu Yingshu, director of the Institute of Gas Separation Engineering of University of Science and Technology Beijing, as a technical leader, and created.fiveyear15Ten thousand people built a world miracle of zero death from altitude sickness. And this is just an achievement of his major technical work for many years.

　　Going to the plateau and going to the laboratory, he will work more than a week when he is in his sixties next year.60Hours, I worked hard to carry out the research and development of major scientific and technological topics related to the national economy and people’s livelihood, and maintained a high-yield scientific research life year after year.

　　Overcoming cold and lack of oxygen makes Qinghai-Tibet Railway a miracle.

　　18Years ago, when undertaking the oxygen production project of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, knowing that the site conditions were difficult and there was no precedent in the world for reference, Liu Yingshu agreed without hesitation.

　　In order to solve the problem of hypoxia in plateau construction, he ran at both the scene and the school. I usually have classes at school on Wednesdays, fly to Xining on Thursdays, then charter a bus to Golmud, Wudaoliang and Tuotuo River, walk along the Qinghai-Tibet Highway, and carry out oxygen-making experiments at every military station with electricity, and then rush to Beijing on Monday.

　　"When I arrived at Kunlun Mountain, my breath was dying; After five beams, I cried and shouted at my mother. On the wind volcano, the three souls have died. " This limerick vividly shows the harsh living environment in the local area. As the key control project of Qinghai-Tibet Railway, the full length of Fenghuoshan Tunnel is1338Meters, elevation of entrance rail surface.4905Rice, oxygen content is only in the mainland.50%The average annual temperature is below zero.sevenIt is the highest altitude and the longest permafrost tunnel in the world, and is called the forbidden zone of life.

　　Working in such a thin air, even if the construction workers carry oxygen tanks, it is still not enough, and they are often bored just after lifting the equipment, and the construction progress is difficult to guarantee. Looking at the painful expression of the workers’ poor breathing, facing the eyes that everyone is looking forward to, Liu Yingshu, who has been steady on campus, decided to fight, designing, doing experiments, surveying and debugging day and night.

　　When installing equipment at the south entrance of the tunnel, the water has been connected, but in the afternoon,threeThe heater hasn’t arrived yet. iffiveIf it doesn’t arrive before work, the temperature will drop sharply at night, and the water will be frozen. Equipment damage is one thing, and more importantly, it will delay the construction period and affect the oxygen inhalation of railway construction personnel. At this time, there is no communication equipment at the construction site, and the person in charge is in the headquarters of the north exit of the tunnel. It is necessary to take the road from the south exit to the north exit.2An hour. He was in a hurry and decided to climb the mountain and take a shortcut.

　　from4900Climb to the foot of the mountain5400Climbing down the top of the mountain is not as pleasant as walking on the plain. The construction team leader accompanied him. Every five or six steps, the two men had to stop to catch their breath. The lack of oxygen caused their hearts to beat and jump, and they almost felt like jumping out. But time is pressing, and they dare not rest more, so they stop and go, trying their best to catch up.fourArrive at the headquarters before 8: 00 and solve the problem of the heater. That year, he had already41Years old.

　　Going to the construction site for communication, field survey, equipment installation and debugging, troubleshooting … On such a business trip, he persisted for more than two years and went to the plateau for fifty or sixty times, sometimes living in a tent.twentyMany days.

　　did2000Multi-group working condition experiments failed.200After many times, he finally overcame the problem that the low pressure on the plateau and the temperature difference between day and night greatly affected the oxygen production system, developed the high-altitude pressure swing adsorption oxygen production technology, and successfully developed the highest-altitude wind-volcano tunnel oxygen production station in the world at that time, with the oxygen concentration reaching.92%Above, the workers who can breathe smoothly have renewed their enthusiasm.

　　The achievements were popularized and applied to the whole line of Qinghai-Tibet railway construction, creating15Ten thousand troops built a world miracle of zero death from altitude sickness, and the results of this project were obtained.2008National special prize for scientific and technological progress.

　　Go to the plateau to leave the root cause of the disease and use a ventilator every night.

　　The project was successful, but Liu Yingshu’s health paid a huge price. While doing scientific research and opening new courses, he was tired of lumbar disc herniation and once lay at home.twentyDon’t come to bed for many days. Later, every time he went to the plateau again, he had to go to the hospital for bonesetting massage before he could start.

　　What is more serious than lumbar disease is that he frequently goes in and out of the plateau without normal rest and adjustment, and the autonomic nerve is disordered, suffering from sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome.2002He fell ill for the first time in,2003When the year is serious, his sleep for one night will appear.270More than one apnea, the longest lasting nearly.oneMinutes. He had to use the ventilator, and it continues to this day, and he has to take it with him when he is on a business trip, otherwise he will be awakened, his heart will be extremely uncomfortable, and even he will suffocate and endanger his life.

　　Although it left an irreversible root cause, Liu Yingshu did not regret it. What he cares more about is that the project has brought huge social benefits, saved countless lives, and spread the concept of oxygen inhalation to the plateau. More and more local barracks, hotels, office buildings and other places have installed oxygen-making equipment, benefiting people.100Tens of thousands.

　　"People are lucky to be able to do these things all their lives. They always have to pay a little, and it is worthwhile for individuals to be wronged." Lack of oxygen leads to physical discomfort, but it can’t stop him from being full of lofty sentiments. Infected by the spirit of the builders of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, he wrote a poem: "Holding the red day and stepping on the stars day and night, the roof of the world is in Changhong. Ice-eating style resists hypoxia, and contemporary foolish men give birth to gods. The frozen soil subgrade in the snow area is stable, and the wind and volcano pass through it. Ancient and modern Chinese and foreign romantic, only my plateau Tianluxiong! "

　　Important achievements concerning the national economy and people’s livelihood have come out one after another.

　　Lean coal is a kind of bituminous coal that can’t coke, and it is mainly used for power and civil fuel. High-quality coal for blast furnace injection is raw coal for ironmaking, and the economic value difference between them is at least more than twice. After finishing the research on the oxygen production project on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Liu Yingshu did not have enough rest, and immediately devoted himself to the technical development of developing the former into the latter.

　　from2002Since, he has spent.fiveIn 2000, he led the research group and factory technicians to tackle key problems, and took the lead in successfully developing and popularizing complete sets of blast furnace injection technology for lean coal and lean coal, which greatly improved the optimization and appreciation of products in the coal industry and made the national resources scientifically and reasonably utilized. The research results of the project series have successively won the second prize of the National Science and Technology Progress Award.oneSpecial Prize of Scientific and Technological Progress in Shanxi Province and Coal IndustryoneItem, first prizethreeItem. Today, the research results have been widely used in industry, and the direct economic benefits exceed.200100 million yuan.

　　Just as the above topics are in full swing,2003When SARS hit in 2000, schools were closed and factories in other places could not go. Liu Yingshu, who rarely has a rest, didn’t relax at home. After learning that the patient24When oxygen inhalation was indispensable when he was a child, medical staff had to wear thick protective clothing and carry oxygen bottles to deliver oxygen to patients. He suddenly thought of whether a small and portable oxygen generator could be designed to reduce the burden on both doctors and patients.

　　He volunteered and applied for the emergency support project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China. Because of the relevant research foundation, the development was not very difficult, and soon he invented a small portable oxygen generator for patients to use alone, which solved the problem of safe oxygen use for SARS patients. Subsequently, he promoted the technology with the support of the school.

　　At present, the Institute of Gas Separation Engineering of University of Science and Technology Beijing has become the only center in China to research and develop the miniaturization technology of pressure swing adsorption oxygen production, forming the technical support position of the national medical health oxygen production machine industry, and laying a theoretical and technical foundation for the development and growth of the micro pressure swing adsorption oxygen production machine industry in China.

　　Liu Yingshu’s thinking is particularly active, and he is good at associating with real life. After completing the design of a small oxygen generator for SARS patients, he soon thought of the source of oxygen for people to breathe in a fire environment, wondering whether he could invent an instrument to directly convert carbon dioxide exhaled by the human body into oxygen.

　　He led the research group, aiming at the characteristics of the fire scene and the breathing needs of different people, spent a lot of effort to overcome the problems of self-circulation cooling, developed a series of products without circulating breathing equipment, and innovatively turned the "question mark" into an "exclamation point". Users can breathe through self-circulation, and can persist when they are still.oneHours, can also support when running.30Minutes, not only ensure the safety of life, but also the cost is not high, only a few hundred yuan for a piece of equipment.

　　At present, this series of products have become breathing equipment recognized in the field of fire protection and hazardous chemicals.2015After the explosion in Tanggu, Tianjin in, this kind of emergency respirator provided breathing and life-saving support for fire rescue workers.

　　In addition, in order to solve the problem of natural gas shortage in China, he carried out enrichment and purification research on coal mine gas and biogas, and applied it in Jizhong and Jixi. In terms of biological natural gas purification, he undertook the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" country.863The key project of the plan "Research on Key Technologies of Biogas Purification" and the key project of Beijing Science and Technology Commission "Demonstration Project of Integrated Application of Biogas Technology and Equipment in Beijing-Zhangjia Area" can purify biogas from bio-fermentation to methane concentration.95%The above bio-natural gas will be used in Beijing-Zhangjiang area to promote the development and utilization of biomass energy in China and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

　　Work every week60Wake up in the middle of the night thinking technology

　　Won the prize of scientific and technological progress achievementtwentyMore than one, including the National Science and Technology Progress Award.oneItem, the second prize of national scientific and technological progress.oneItem; Preside over and undertake major national scientific and technological research projects, national natural science foundation projects, and key projects of science, technology and industry committee for national defense.60Remaining items; Published papers300More than one article, published monograph.fourDepartment, enjoy special government allowances; Obtain a national authorized patent55Item, international leading, international advanced achievement appraisal.sixItem …

　　As one of the top experts in gas separation in China, Liu Yingshu has achieved fruitful results in academic research. He has no time to look back on the past. He always finishes a project and immediately throws himself into the research of new topics. His brain has been in high operation. He can maintain a high-yield trend for many years. He said that it is because he likes to ponder new problems, do scientific research, and pay attention to the development of the times and society. He always feels that there are too many problems to be solved in real life and hopes to do something practical, so he always has an interest in scientific research and keeps moving forward.

　　He is nearly sixty years old, but he still keeps forging ahead, working more than one week.60An hour, now I have it on handthreeA major issue, all related to the national economy and people’s livelihood. Among them, he undertook the "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan" key research and development project "Multi-pollutant Collection, Adsorption, Removal and Recycling Technology and Demonstration of Flue Gas", aiming at the problem of pollutants in flue gas, with the goal of transforming pollutants such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides in flue gas into high value-added gas products.

　　Originally, the project was planned to be established and processed every hour.fiveAfter seeing the interim results of the project, the factory increased its confidence and decided to expand the production line to every hour.100Ten thousand cubic meters. Being able to gain the trust of the manufacturer, he feels that the opportunity is rare and the responsibility is great. Recently, he often wakes up at two or three in the middle of the night and ponders over the technical scheme.

　　"If it is successfully developed, it will open up a new way of air pollution control that will bring both environmental protection benefits and economic benefits, and enterprises will change from passive environmental protection with pure investment to active environmental protection with positive returns." The pressure is temporary, and he is full of expectations for the research and development prospects. At this moment, he completely forgot his injuries, and he was as radiant as a fighter who went to the battlefield.

　　Like a "walking textbook", teaching for many years ranks first.5%

　　Liu Yingshu is not only an accomplished scientific researcher, but also a people’s teacher who cultivates talents conscientiously. He has successively won the honorary titles of Beijing’s teacher’s moral model and Beijing’s excellent teacher.

　　No matter how busy the scientific research work is, he always puts teaching and educating people in an important position, and he is used to attending classes in advance.15Minutes to the classroom, the average annual workload for the school professor rated workloadfiveMore than times. Almost everyone in his team received the teacher’s advice on revising the paper at two or three o’clock in the morning. From topic selection to punctuation, a paper usually needs to be revised three or five times before you can rest assured.

　　Vision Wei, a student, said that when catching up with the smog, the teacher would remind students to wear masks; After students graduate, teachers will still keep in close contact. From career development to introduction, he takes good care of everyone; As long as he asks questions, he will answer them at any time. "Although the teacher has already made a name for himself, he is humble and does not put on airs." Sun Ning, a student, said that he would listen to students’ feedback on the courseware patiently, revise it from time to time, innovate constantly, and would rather do research with you and produce results.

　　"Courtesy", "faithfulness", "diligence" and "cleanliness" are the basic requirements that Liu Yingshu put forward for graduate students, including being polite, such as letting the teacher go first when waiting for the elevator and not eating in class; Appreciate the cooperation opportunities given by others and thank each other for their trust; No matter the size of the task received, reply in time, be honest in academic work, and do not make any fraud, and be trustworthy in life; Think hard and work hard; Love to be clean, keep the laboratory clean …　　　

　　The rules seem to be small, but they are mostly trivial, but they contain his endless expectations for young students, not only guiding their studies, but also teaching them the truth of doing things, because he believes that details determine success or failure. "underground capsule regulation people can support in it.sevenGod, if the data is false, he shouldn’t go into the cabin for a period of timesevenGod’s real-life experiment. ""you can go to graduate school, which means that your intelligence has reached the standard, and then whoever is diligent can make achievements. Than hard work, you can with me.PK. ""If you don’t sweep a house, why sweep the world? " "If you want to do a good job in scientific research, you must learn to give up a lot of things, and the mentality of people who do scientific research must be flat and low."

　　His class is very popular with students, ranking first in teaching evaluation for many years.5%. In order to create good experimental conditions for the scientific research team, he raised funds by himself and built a world-class gas separation laboratory with a value of over 10 million. Under his leadership, the members of the scientific research team grew rapidly, won many national scholarships, were rated as the top ten academic stars of University of Science and Technology Beijing, and were selected into the postdoctoral innovation program of China. After graduation, they grew into top technical soldiers in all walks of life.

　　The students lamented that Liu Jiaoshou was a teacher and a friend; An elder, more like a relative.2014In, Dr. Zhang Chuanzhao graduated and taught in another university, which changed the direction of professional research. When he first joined the company, he didn’t adapt to many places, and he was so nervous that he lost sleep and even lost his hair every day. When he went back to his alma mater to chat with his teacher, Liu Yingshu comforted him: "Don’t worry, work hard, man proposes, God disposes." Sometimes hard work doesn’t necessarily pay off, but it doesn’t pay off if you don’t work hard. " After that, I took out my mobile phone and showed him my recent flight records. I went to four cities on business in a week. "You see that the teacher works so hard, and the things at hand may not have good results, but the teacher is still insisting, so you have to work hard." The teacher almost said Zhang Chuanzhao’s tears in a word, which seemed to inject energy in an instant.

　　Energy institute2015After finishing the freshman seminar, Wang Yi, a Grade-1 student, wrote a letter to him: "Teacher Liu, I want to say thank you. Thanks to your teaching and companionship in the past six months. For freshmen, a master like you is both looking up and deeply impressed. You care for us, paying attention to knowledge and being a man, and preparing small gifts for us on Christmas Eve. By your side, like a spring breeze! " Under his guidance, Wang Yi won a national scholarship, achieved good results in competitions such as the Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction Competition, and successfully applied for graduate studies.　　　

　　Liu Yingshu also pays attention to supporting young teachers. He helps young colleagues who enter the research group to set career development goals and guide them with their own experiences; He often discusses with them on scientific research direction and academic issues; He helped them to establish contact with famous overseas scholars, introduced enterprises to them, signed horizontal projects, revised project applications and solved technical problems. In recent years, the young teachers of the research group have won many high-level scientific research projects, such as the National Natural Science Foundation Youth Project, the Beijing Natural Science Foundation Project and the Postdoctoral Innovative Talents Program Project.

　　He said: "At our age, one of the main tasks is to build platforms and ladders for young people and pass on the scientific research tasks in our hands like a baton."

　　"Three-inch chalk, three-foot platform is the national luck; A heart of Dan, holding a candle to cast the soul of the people all his life. " This is Liu Yingshu, who, full of childlike innocence, practiced his ambition to serve the country, conquered one "wind volcano" after another on the road of scientific research, and became a "walking textbook" in students’ minds, explaining the meaning of "teachers’ morality" in every word and deed.

　　The flu vaccine has started! Children’s influenza can be vaccinated from June to 3 years old, and adults’ influenza can be vaccinated over 3 years old.

　　Influenza is an acute respiratory infectious disease caused by influenza virus, which can cause large-scale epidemic. It is mainly spread through droplets in the air, contact between people or contact with contaminated items. It has the characteristics of high incidence, rapid spread, ineffective antibiotic treatment and susceptibility of all people. But influenza can be prevented, and influenza vaccination is the most effective prevention method at present.

　　1. What’s the difference between the flu and the common cold?

　　The difference between flu and common cold.

　　2. What are the benefits of influenza vaccination for different groups of people?

　　Early vaccination, early prevention, and no hesitation.

　　3. When will the flu vaccine be vaccinated?

　　Winter and spring are the flu epidemic seasons every year, and the best time to get the flu vaccine is before the start of the flu season every year. Therefore, generally, autumn and winter are the best golden period for flu vaccination to ensure immune protection before the flu season (it usually takes two to four weeks to produce effective immunity after getting the flu vaccine). Early vaccination, early prevention.

　　4. I was vaccinated against influenza last year. Is it necessary to get vaccinated once a year?

　　You can’t be "immune for life" after being vaccinated with influenza vaccine. In fact, the influenza virus strains that are popular every year are different from those in previous years, and the immunity acquired by people after influenza vaccination will also decay over time. The antibody level produced in the body does not always remain the same after vaccination. The antibody level in the body begins to decline after 6-8 months, and there is no protective effect after one year. Therefore, it is necessary to vaccinate the flu vaccine once a year.

　　5. What are the possible reactions to vaccination?

　　Low-grade fever may occur after influenza vaccination, and there will be slight redness and swelling at the injection site, but these are temporary phenomena and the incidence rate is very low, and usually no special treatment is needed. However, a few people will have repeated high fever, dyspnea, hoarseness, wheezing, urticaria, pallor, weakness, tachycardia and dizziness, so they should seek medical attention immediately.

　　6. What are the suitable people for influenza vaccine?

　　Infants aged 6-35 months;

　　Older people over 60 years old;

　　Chronic patients and the infirm;

　　Staff of medical and health institutions, especially front-line staff;

　　Pupils and kindergarten children;

　　Staff of nursing homes, nursing institutions for the elderly and nurseries;

　　Employees in the service industry, especially taxi drivers, civil aviation, railway and bus drivers, commercial and tourism service employees, etc.;

　　People who travel frequently and go abroad; People in important jobs, etc.

　　People and voluntary vaccinators who want to reduce the possibility of influenza for any reason.

　　7. Precautions for influenza vaccination

　　Precautions:

　　(1) The interval between influenza vaccine and COVID-19 vaccine or other vaccines should be 2 weeks or 4 weeks (according to the specific situation of vaccination).

　　(2) Those who are allergic to the ingredients contained in the vaccine should not be vaccinated.

　　(3) Those who have been vaccinated with this vaccine in the past and have had serious adverse reactions should not be vaccinated.

　　(4) People suffering from acute diseases, serious chronic diseases, acute attack of chronic diseases, colds and fever should not be vaccinated.

　　(5) Patients with uncontrolled epilepsy and other progressive nervous system diseases should not be vaccinated if they have a history of Guillain-Barre syndrome.

　　8、Time and place of vaccination in Yunnan Maternal and Child Health Hospital

　　Vaccination time:

　　Monday to Friday: 08: 00 a.m.-11: 30 a.m. (Adult routine vaccine can be inoculated at the same time in the morning).

　　14: 00-16: 30 pm (no vaccination on the afternoon of the last day of the month)

　　Saturday and Sunday at 8: 00 & mdash; half past three p.m.

　　Vaccination time of other parts:

　　BCG: It can be vaccinated only on Monday morning.

　　Encephalomyelitis group A: It can be inoculated only on Tuesday and Thursday morning.

　　White beer: vaccination is only available on Saturday morning.

　　Inoculation location: No.86 Gulou Road, Panlong District, Kunming (Early Childhood Development Center of Yunnan Maternal and Child Health Hospital)

　　Photo courtesy of Yunnan Maternal and Child Health Hospital

General Office of Guangdong Provincial People’s Government on Further Strengthening

Opinions on the implementation of vaccine circulation and vaccination management

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People’s governments at the local level and listed, people’s governments of counties (cities, districts), departments and institutions directly under the provincial government:

　　In order to implement the Opinions of the General Office of the State Council on Further Strengthening the Management of Vaccine Circulation and Vaccination (Guo Ban Fa [2017] No.5), combined with the actual situation in our province, with the consent of the provincial people’s government, we hereby put forward the following implementation opinions.
　　First, improve the vaccine management mechanism

　　(a) improve the province’s immunization program vaccine adjustment mechanism. The Provincial Health and Family Planning Commission should improve the system of expert advisory committee on immunization planning, timely adjust the immunization planning policy of our province according to the national decision-making and deployment, and regularly carry out vaccine monitoring for diseases. After the demonstration by the expert advisory committee, the Provincial Department of Finance will propose suggestions on increasing the types of vaccines provided to citizens free of charge, which will be announced and implemented after being approved by the provincial people’s government and put on record by the National Health and Family Planning Commission. Encourage all localities to increase the types of vaccines provided free of charge to citizens in light of actual conditions.
　　(two) improve the compensation mechanism for abnormal reaction of vaccination. Encourage the establishment of a mechanism to compensate the recipients of abnormal vaccination reactions through commercial insurance, and gradually establish a multi-level insurance compensation system including basic insurance and supplementary insurance to improve the compensation efficiency of abnormal vaccination reactions. Before the establishment of the compensation insurance mechanism for abnormal reaction of vaccination, compensation should be carried out according to the existing regulations.
　　(three) to establish a joint meeting system between vaccine circulation and vaccination management departments. The Provincial Health and Family Planning Commission and the Food and Drug Administration, together with relevant departments, establish a joint meeting system between vaccine circulation and vaccination departments, clarify the division of responsibilities of each department, constantly improve the coordination mechanism, strengthen communication and cooperation in vaccine production, circulation, vaccination, vaccination certificate inspection, replanting and publicity, timely inform the progress of work, promote information sharing, coordinate with major emergencies, jointly study and solve outstanding problems, and form joint efforts.
　　Two, strengthen the whole process management of vaccine production, circulation and use.

　　(1) Promote independent research and development of vaccines and improve their quality. Support the research and development and industrialization of new vaccines in our province, especially multi-valent vaccines, through provincial science and technology plans (special projects, funds, etc.), major science and technology projects and other scientific research projects. Promote vaccine production enterprises to improve the quality management level and standardize production capacity, and continuously improve the quality of vaccine products. Actively promote the construction of vaccine research and development, production and clinical trial bases in our province, and promote the development of vaccine-related industries.
　　(two) standardize the centralized procurement of vaccines. Incorporate vaccine procurement into the provincial third-party drug electronic trading platform, and implement centralized online procurement in accordance with the principles of openness, transparency, competition and fair trade. The Provincial Health and Family Planning Commission should further improve the centralized procurement plan for the second kind of vaccines in our province. Entry-exit inspection and quarantine departments should strengthen the management of entry-exit vaccination, and do a good job in the procurement, storage and use of vaccines required for entry-exit personnel in our province.
　　(3) Strengthen the cold chain distribution management of vaccines. Provincial Food and Drug Administration should strengthen the inspection of cold chain storage and transportation conditions of storage and distribution enterprises. The Provincial Health and Family Planning Commission should take the lead in organizing the formulation of cold chain equipment standards for disease control and prevention institutions. Local health and family planning departments should regularly evaluate the cold chain facilities and equipment of disease control institutions and inoculation units in their respective jurisdictions to ensure that the cold chain equipment is in place according to standards and operates normally. All localities should take effective measures to ensure timely delivery of vaccines within their jurisdiction, especially in remote areas.
　　(four) to strengthen the whole process of vaccine traceability management. The Provincial Food and Drug Administration shall, jointly with the Provincial Health and Family Planning Commission, strengthen the traceability management of the whole process of vaccine production, circulation and use. The Provincial Health and Family Planning Commission should speed up the embedding of the provincial vaccination information management system into the information management system of provincial primary medical and health institutions, and realize the docking with the relevant information systems of food and drug supervision departments and education departments. All vaccination units should implement vaccination information management.
　　Third, standardize vaccination management

　　(a) to strengthen the overall management of the second kind of vaccination. The provincial centers for disease control and prevention should promptly carry out the evaluation and selection of the second kind of vaccines and put forward the use items. Actively promote the second type of vaccine appointment vaccination service. County-level health and family planning departments should determine the vaccination units within their jurisdiction according to factors such as the service population and service scope, and announce them to the public. In principle, rural areas implement a centralized vaccination model with townships as the unit. Strictly regulate the service behavior of village-level vaccination units. The Provincial Development and Reform Commission should speed up the formulation of the charging standards for the second kind of vaccination service fees and vaccination consumables fees charged by vaccination units in our province. The problem of storage and transportation fees for the second kind of vaccines should be solved in a market-oriented way in the bidding and procurement of the second kind of vaccines.
　　(two) to strengthen the standardization of vaccination units. Strengthen the standardization and informatization construction of public hospitals, community and township vaccination units. Further standardize the establishment of vaccination units, personnel qualifications, vaccination facilities, cold chain management, monitoring and handling of suspected abnormal reactions to vaccination, and vaccination notification, recording, reporting and publicity. The inoculation entity shall publicize the immunization procedures, vaccine varieties, inoculation methods, vaccine functions, contraindications, adverse reactions and precautions, the price of the second kind of vaccine, the charging standard of vaccination service, consultation and complaint telephone number and other matters in a prominent position in the inoculation site. Local health and family planning departments should implement dynamic management of vaccination units, strengthen technical training of vaccination professionals, complete grading evaluation of all vaccination clinics and full coverage of supervision of other vaccination units before the end of 2017, and organize spot checks on the standardized construction of vaccination units every year. Medical personnel who undertake vaccination duties and tasks in medical and health institutions should pass the vaccination professional training organized by the county-level health and family planning administrative department and pass the examination.
　　(three) to strengthen the assessment of vaccination work. Take the results of vaccination assessment as an important basis for allocating subsidy funds for basic public health services. According to the provisions of the implementation of disease prevention and control personnel subsidies policy, scientific verification of disease prevention and control institutions total performance pay, the establishment of vaccination outpatient performance pay and vaccination outpatient grade, vaccination service linked to vaccination incentive mechanism.
　　Fourth, the implementation of safeguards

　　(a) to ensure the staffing of disease prevention and control institutions. All localities should clarify the nature of the public welfare institutions of the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, and implement the staffing of disease control and prevention institutions in all localities within the scope of the total staffing in accordance with the requirements of the staffing standards for disease control and prevention institutions.
　　(2) Establish a stable input mechanism for disease prevention and control institutions. Local governments should implement the responsibility of expenditure, fully arrange the development and construction expenditure for the basic construction of disease prevention and control institutions, the purchase of facilities and equipment, especially the cold chain system and information construction, scientifically and reasonably verify the personnel funds and business funds of disease prevention and control institutions, and fully include them in the budget, which will be guaranteed by the finance at the same level.
　　(3) Strengthen supervision and inspection. Local governments should implement the responsibility of territorial management, and incorporate the work of disease prevention and control such as vaccination and the implementation of financial policies for disease prevention and control institutions into the government assessment. The Provincial Health and Family Planning Commission and the Food and Drug Administration shall, jointly with relevant departments, strengthen supervision and inspection. When problems are found, they shall be ordered to make immediate rectification, and informed criticism shall be given to areas where work is seriously lagging behind and perfunctory, and the relevant personnel shall be held accountable according to laws and regulations.

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General Office of Guangdong Provincial People’s Government

June 9, 2017