Zheng Shaozong/Wen

　　 The excavation of Hanzhong Mountain Mausoleum in Mancheng, Hebei Province was many years ago, when I was only 30 years old and was the only archaeological institution in Hebei Province — — The provincial cultural relics team works in Baoding, which is only 20 kilometers away from the city. Looking back on the excavation scene of that year, I can remember it vividly and vividly.

　▲In 154 BC, Emperor Liu Qi of the Han Dynasty named Liu Sheng, the illegitimate son, as the King of Zhongshan, where he ruled Lunu County (now Dingzhou, Hebei Province). The picture shows the schematic diagram of the Han Dynasty vassal states.

Discover an ancient tomb

　　 In the summer of 1968, it was the third year of the "Cultural Revolution", when Baoding’s warfare was famous throughout the country. There are nearly 40 people in the cultural relics team in Hebei Province, and they are also caught in a serious factional struggle. The leading group is paralyzed, and most people are too busy fighting between the two factions to carry out their normal work.

　　 One day, the Provincial Revolutionary Committee informed me and Comrade Sun Dehai to go to Shijiazhuang, the provincial capital, immediately to have important work. The next day, Zhang Tianfu and Du Rongquan, the political department of the Provincial Revolutionary Committee, met with us and said that the garrison in the city had found a huge ancient tomb in Nanling Mountain and asked us to go to the city as soon as possible to do a good job in the investigation and protection of the ancient tomb.

　　 On May 28th, Du Rongquan and Zhang Zuliu, director of the Political Department of the Sixty Armed Forces, rushed to the city with us. The struggle between the two factions in Baoding area is very sharp, and there are strongholds of the two factions everywhere. Because the two garrison troops each support one faction, the brand on the military vehicle has become a sign to identify the factions. We are sitting in the 212 Jeep, and the young driver is a very smart soldier. We have to change the license plate every time we walk, because the rebels only recognize the license plate but not the person, and they belong to their own faction, otherwise they will hijack the car and copy people. Almost every walk, people come out to stop and check, and almost every village has fortifications of warfare. It is very difficult to walk 200 kilometers from Shijiazhuang to Mancheng. After crossing Anguo, the car and people were detained. Several cadres in the village found that the license plate was a military license plate, but only Zhang Zuliu was wearing a military uniform. They were very vigilant and said that the group even took the car for one night. The driver quietly said to Zhang Zuliu, "We can’t let them detain the car, otherwise the consequences will be unimaginable." Zhang Zuliu also broke out in a cold sweat. "We went to the city to perform an urgent task, so please cooperate." After several twists and turns and repeated explanations, it was finally released. The group didn’t even attend to lunch, and it was near dusk when they arrived in Baoding.

▲Panoramic view of the mausoleum of Han Dynasty in Mancheng

　　 On May 29th, we arrived at the 4749 troops station in Mancheng. Take a break, that is, go straight to the site of Lingshan ancient tomb in the southwest of the county seat. The streets of the city are very depressed, and there are few pedestrians on the road because of the fighting. It’s a warm day. Looking at Lingshan from the field, it’s like a huge and majestic plush chair surrounding the main peak, and the main peak and the North and South Lingshan are like a dignified and quiet arhat, which is very solemn. We climbed the mountain path to the north of the east side of the main peak to the south of the main peak of Lingshan Mountain, and arrived at the entrance of the tunnel under construction. There were soldiers guarding the entrance day and night, and there was a military dog next to it. The project of sheltering the cave entrance at the front of Taihang Mountain has been stopped due to the discovery of tombs. We were eager to know the situation of the tomb, so we called a small warrior forum to know the whole story of the discovery of the tomb.

A major archaeological discovery that shocked the world

　　 It was already very hot in the city at that time, but it was still cold in the morning and evening. The garrison was still under intense construction. There was a happy track at the southern end of the main peak, which was paved when the tomb was repaired more than 2,000 years ago. This happy track twists and turns to the south to reach the foot of Nanling Mountain. The mountain is covered with thorns, chrysanthemums, cloves, Chinese Pulsatilla and low shrubs. A tunnel is dug from east to west on an exposed cliff face south of the main peak, that is, on the west side of Happy Valley Road, to build a shelter room at the front of the mountain. The company commander Kou Junlin and platoon leader Hu Chonglin are responsible for the project.

▲The Han Tomb in Mancheng was found behind this door.

　　 The soldier said that at 11: 00 midnight on May 23, 1968, he was dug to a place 2.5 meters high and 24 meters deep. After the cannon sounded, he found that a hole with a diameter of about 1.5 meters collapsed under the north of the end of the tunnel, and the collapsed rock fell into the hole along the hole. The soldiers immediately reported the news to the company. The company commander Kou Junlin rushed to the construction site from the station several kilometers away overnight, and went into the cave to investigate with the platoon leader Hu Chonglin and the soldier Cao Dianji. They tied a long rope around their waist, and the other end of the rope was led by the soldiers who stayed in the tunnel to avoid being lost in the deep hole and unable to turn around. Entering the entrance of the cave, firstly, it is a circular arch-shaped cylindrical hole, the ground is covered with big tiles, and a large number of utensils, horse skulls and dog bones are pressed under it. Further inside, it is a large-scale hole with a diameter of more than 20 meters and a height of about 7 meters, which can accommodate more than 1,000 people, just like an underground palace. When the soldiers returned to the tunnel entrance by the original road, the company commander immediately stopped the construction, assigned special personnel to guard the scene, and they were not allowed to re-enter. At the same time, they reported to their superiors by telephone.

　　 After listening to the introduction, we look extremely nervous and excited. What we are nervous about is the heavy workload, heavy tasks, too few people and urgent projects. I am excited that it is the first time for me to come to such a large tomb. I also feel that the cultural relics and burial are unknown and somewhat mysterious. The gold-plated bronze wok and several gold-plated vehicles with the inscription "Zhongshan Neifu" and "Thirty-nine Years" taken out by the soldiers from the tomb attracted our great attention. In 1966, I excavated the tomb of Zhongshan Wang family in the Western Han Dynasty in Sanxian Mountain in Dingxian County, and also unearthed the bronze bell and the wrong gold and silver chariots and horses in the Inner House of Zhongshan. So when I saw these artifacts, I realized that it might be a high-level noble tomb of Zhongshan State in the Western Han Dynasty. The bronze ware was cast by the inner government, which manages the daily life of King Zhongshan, and has a time, which gives us a preliminary idea.

▲A bronze tablet engraved with the words "Zhongshan Neifu" unearthed from Han tombs in Mancheng.

　　 Under the guidance of Kou Junlin and others, our party went west along the 24-meter-long tunnel, which was more than one person high. It was very damp and cold in the cave, and white steam rose along the hole. First, a soldier went down, and we also went down from the hole one after another, and landed at 1.5 meters, which is the southernmost point of the south ear chamber of Liu Sheng’s tomb, King Jing of Zhongshan.

　　 The huge cave is dark, and the visibility is only about 2 meters with large flashlights. Several flashlights can be gathered together to see the ground situation in the cave. We walked north along the long hole, and from time to time there was a "tick-tock" and "tick-tock" dripping sound in the dark, which was very frightening. We were afraid and nervous inside, as if we had entered another world, and we could hear nothing but the dripping sound. The underwater sound flows down from the cracks in the mountain gap at the top of the cave and drops on the cliff surface and the big tile. The most worrying thing is the sudden collapse of the cave roof or the fear that there will be a big snake in the cave to hurt people. But nothing ventured, nothing gained, no matter how dangerous it is.

▲The north ear room of Liu Sheng’s tomb is a storehouse for food.

　　 We advance cautiously from south to north, lest we step on the cultural relics under our feet. The first thing I saw was a large number of slab tiles and tube tiles, which were stacked layer by layer, which seemed to be symmetrical in the north and south. The tiles were covered with rope patterns and chord patterns. This large tile was 55 cm long and 35-mdash wide. 40 cm, arranged in an orderly way, it seems that a huge roof has just collapsed. Although it is a little messy, it can be seen that the original arrangement law is mainly symmetrical between north and south, and the middle seems to be the roof. We walked along the two sides of the cave. When we gently uncovered a small part of the tiles, dazzling golden vehicles were exposed below, including gold-plated car frames, bow caps, car covers and so on. Followed by the orderly arrangement of the horse’s head bones, these horses are buried in order, the muscles have long rotted, and now only the bones are left, but the horse’s winding head and gold-plated bodyguard are placed in front of the horse’s head, which should be conscious killing and martyrdom. About 15 meters north, all you can see are real chariots and horses, and about 5 meters north, which is equivalent to the position of the front room (aisle). In addition to the gold-plated silver ornaments of luxury cars, a large number of dog skeletons have been found, which are also covered by collapsed tiles and slabs.

　　 Continuing northward from the tunnel, we entered a large north-south cave room, about 15 meters long and 4 meters high. This is a huge kitchen. The cave has a slightly higher terrain. A horse head and a water stone mill were found at the entrance, and there was a huge copper funnel-shaped grinding disc under the mill. On both sides of the cave, there are iron furnaces, pottery pots, retort, and rows of huge wine jars, on which the grade of wine is written in red ink. On the lid of the jar, there is a stalactite column about 5 cm high formed by dripping water from the top of the cave, which shows that it has been formed for a long time. On the north side, there are layers of big tiles, and on the lower side, there are mountains of pottery.

▲Liu Sheng’s tomb room

　　 From then on, I returned to the cross-shaped front room and tunnel, turned to the west, passed a seepage well, and the terrain was even lower, entering a large cave with a dome top of more than 200 square meters — — Middle room. The middle room is about 6 meters high, and it is a bare frame supported by a huge wooden structure. Because the wooden frame is decayed, the big tiles on the roof fall to the inner surface of the cave, and the layers are stacked naturally and orderly. It can be seen that the house vouchers are north-south, and some precious gold, silver or gold-plated bronzes, jade articles and lacquerware are buried in the tiles in disorder. The central room is surrounded by a drainage ditch, with a square groove on the wall for installing the frame. The ground is divided into three areas: the central area, the southern area and the northern area. The west wall is exposed with a glittering snowflake stone masonry stone gate, which should be the "inner bedroom" for burying the owner of the tomb. There is also an arched cloister-shaped semi-circular cave on both sides of the stone gate, in which no important cultural relics are found, only a few pieces of pottery are found. There are many relics in the middle room. The gold-plated bronze cup (wok) taken out from the middle room is engraved with an inscription on the mouth: "The bronze wok of Zhongshan Neifu, with a capacity of ten buckets, weighs a catty, and was made in September of 39." This bronze wok became an important basis for preliminarily judging the owner of the tomb and its age.

　　 It took us more than two hours to make a tour of the underground palace. With the light of the flashlight, we found the original road along the west side of the stone wall of the cave, stepped on the tiles, climbed up the round hole collapsed in the south ear chamber and returned to the ground.

　　 Du Rongquan and Zhang Zuliu agreed on the next work arrangement and returned to Shijiazhuang in the afternoon to report. Archaeologists also began the scientific cleaning, recording and mapping work with protection as the main task that afternoon.

▲Schematic diagram of Liu Sheng tomb

　　 This tomb includes the entrance of the tomb, the tunnel, the south ear room, the north ear room, the middle room, the main room and the cloister. According to the post-survey data, the total length of the cavern is 51.7 meters, the widest point is 37.5 meters, the highest point is 6.8 meters, and the volume of the cavern is 2700 cubic meters. The whole cave floor is paved with a layer of loess bed, and the side of the bed is paved with stone strips. The official entrance of the tomb is in the east, and it forms a central axis with the tunnel, middle room and main room in the west. The structure of the tomb spreads from north to south. Because the initial excavation was from the cave in the south ear room, the tomb door was cleaned up at the end. There is a pyramid-shaped mound in front of the tomb door, which is dug under the cliff face south of the main peak of Lingshan Mountain. The tomb is 1 north by east. The entrance of the pyramid-shaped mound is circular, and the two side walls are arc-shaped. From the vault to the ground, two layers of adobe are built, with a gap left in the middle, and then poured with molten iron to form a solid iron gate, which cannot be opened to form an iron wall; The iron gate is filled with large pebbles, stones and loess, which makes it impossible for future generations to dig and enter the tomb.

　　 Investigators will write a special report on the results of preliminary investigation and cleaning, especially the bronze wares found in the tomb, and submit it to the provincial government. After that, it was transferred to the CPC Central Committee and Premier Zhou, and finally to Guo Moruo, president of China Academy of Sciences. According to Premier Zhou’s instructions, Guo Moruo sent Hu Shouyong from China Academy of Sciences, Wang Zhongshu from the Institute of Archaeology and Lu Zhaoyin and his party of 13 people to Mancheng and Hebei Provincial Cultural Relics Team to form an excavation team on June 26th to clean up the tomb.

Guo Moruo visited the excavation site.

▲Guo Moruo (first from the left in the front row) is at the archaeological site of the Han Tomb in Mancheng.

　　 During the excavation of Liu Sheng’s tomb, Guo Moruo received a report from Hebei provincial government to the State Council. According to a large number of bronzes with the inscription "Zhongshan Neifu" unearthed in the tomb and the contents of "34 years" and "39 years" in the inscription, he first pointed out that this is the tomb of Zhongshan State in the Western Han Dynasty, and that only Liu Sheng, the first generation of Zhongshan King, was the king of Zhongshan State for more than 39 years, and then determined that this tomb was the tomb of Liu Sheng, the king of Zhongshan Jing in the Western Han Dynasty. While making a scientific conclusion on such a crucial academic issue, Guo Lao also gave instructions on relevant details. Shortly after Liu Sheng’s tomb was opened, according to Premier Zhou’s instructions, he went to the city to inspect and guide himself, regardless of his age and long journey, especially the danger of the warfare during the "Cultural Revolution" at that time.

　　 On July 21, the day before Guo Lao visited the city, the resident troops and archaeological teams received a notice: "Guo Lao is coming!" The excavation site and barracks apartment are boiling, and everyone is immersed in a very happy atmosphere like a holiday. According to the order given by Premier Zhou to the local garrison two days before Guo Lao came: "Guo Lao will visit the archaeological excavation site in the city, and the garrison will be responsible for the security work along the way." A sentry post was set 50 meters on both sides of the road along the way and escorted to the city.

　　 At 6 o’clock on the morning of July 22nd, Guo Lao and his party set off from Beijing, made a short stop in Baoding at 9 o’clock, and then went all the way to the army barracks in Mancheng. After a short rest, they drove straight to Lingshan cemetery.

　　 Guo Lao changed to a jeep at the foot of Nanling Mountain, and along the rugged mountain road, the car drove all the way to the level of Happy Valley Road in front of Liu Sheng’s tomb at the top of the mountain. Our archaeologists and the soldiers who participated in the excavation lined up in two rows to wait for Guo Lao. Guo Lao walked slowly out of the car accompanied by the head of the army, said hello to everyone, shook hands with the comrades one by one and asked everyone. Comrade Lu Zhaoyin, the head of the army, introduced Guo Lao.

　　 Guo Lao first visited the geographical features of Lingshan, and then entered the tomb under the guidance of archaeologists. At that time, the main entrance of Liu Sheng’s tomb had not been dug, and it was necessary to enter and exit through the south ear chamber through the collapsed tunnel entrance. For the sake of safety, a wooden ladder was set at the entrance of the tunnel before Guo Lao arrived, so that the escalator could go up and down. With the help of the staff, Guo Laoshun entered the tomb by wooden ladder. From the carriage house into the aisle, through the food storage room, through the middle room, and then into the main room and cloister, Guo Lao watched us and explained. The temperature inside the cave is very low, and Guo Lao and our staff are all wearing cotton coats. Guo Lao read it very carefully, and put forward academic opinions every time he finished reading it, especially the bronze wares with inscriptions unearthed in the tomb, and put forward the interpretation methods and meanings one by one. When visiting the main room where Liu Sheng was buried, he was very careful. He pointed out: "Liu Sheng is a vassal, and the burial system is the most noble. Liu Sheng, dressed in gold and jade clothes, confirmed the authenticity of the gold and jade clothes recorded in Historical Records, the Book of the Later Han Dynasty and other records for the first time, which has very important scientific value. " Guo Lao gave detailed instructions on the recording, mapping and photography of the archaeological site, and also put forward suggestions on using infrared film to shoot the stone wall of the main room.

　　 Guo Lao watched the North and South Lingshan Mountain, the main peak of Lingshan Mountain and the ancient road of Lingshan Mountain with great interest. While watching it, he also reminded everyone that "after the death of princes and nobles in the Han Dynasty, there was a system of repairing temples and trees", and quoted the examples of Taishique in Dengfeng, Henan Province and Gaoyique in Ya’ an, Sichuan Province. "There should be temples on this Lingshan Mountain. Have you found any remains?" Everyone replied that the architectural relics of the Western Han Dynasty have been discovered and are currently being studied. Guo Lao added: "There are a large number of artificial stone tablets in the north of the main peak and the junction with Liu Sheng’s tomb. If you want to check, there should be a queen’s tomb. Historical Records records that Liu Sheng had a son ‘ One hundred and twenty people ’ , "Hanshu" said he had ‘ One hundred people belong to Zizhi ’ , he ‘ Good wine and good meat ’ , and the ordinary brother of Emperor Wu, with extremely prominent position and great power, not to mention the rich Zhongshan, which is pyramid-shaped on the mountain ‘ Prince’s grave ’ It should be related to the historical records that he has many children. "It should be all his descendants."

　　 After visiting for about two hours, Guo Lao went down the mountain by car and left for Beijing at 4: 30 pm.

　　 Guo Lao’s inspection has brought great encouragement to the archaeologists. After more than 10 days of continuous work, people worked hard to clean up Liu Sheng’s tomb on August 2, and after detailed statistics, 5,509 cultural relics were unearthed.

Excavation of Queen Dou Wan’s Tomb

▲Changxin Palace Lantern Unearthed from Dou Wan’s Tomb

　　 On July 22, 1968, after Guo Lao returned to Beijing, he reported to Premier Zhou the discovery of Han tombs in Mancheng, and Premier Zhou gave instructions. Soon, the Hebei provincial government and the garrison troops received a notice from the State Council, demanding that the cave remains of Tomb No.1 be preserved in situ and the cultural relics be transported to Beijing for study, and decided that the original team would continue to excavate another tomb north of Liu Sheng’s tomb, namely Dou Wan’s tomb. On August 6th, the provincial government sent Comrade Zhang Tianfu to Beijing to study the next work, and at the same time sent a small number of people to conduct on-the-spot investigation to determine the specific location of Tomb 2. After 10 days’ rest, the excavation personnel gathered in the city on August 12. The China Academy of Sciences and the Hebei Provincial Government attached great importance to it and sent leading comrades to come. After conveying the relevant instructions of the central authorities, the excavation work was officially launched on August 13th.

　　 First, it starts from the north third of Tomb No.1.. There are no layered natural rocks on the slope, only rocks turned from the middle. Below the rubble is loess, and below it are the large and small stones that fill the tomb. After the layers were cleared, the top of the pyramid-shaped mound was exposed on the afternoon of August 14th. Judging from the accumulation of stones, the volume of the tomb is not too small. The arch coupons dug manually along the tomb door are cleaned downwards, and the brick and iron walls that seal the door are opened to enter the tomb. The structure in the tomb is basically the same as that in the No.1 tomb, including the tomb entrance, the tunnel, the south and north ear rooms, the middle room and the main room. Liu Sheng’s pyramid-shaped mound gate and Dou Wan’s pyramid-shaped mound gate are almost on the same level.

　　 The excavation of Dou Wan’s tomb began at 8: 30am on August 13th, 1968 and ended on September 19th, with 5,124 cultural relics unearthed.

　　 From the discovery of Tomb No.1 on May 23rd to the end of the excavation of Tomb No.2 on September 19th, the excavation of Liu Sheng and Douwan tombs lasted for 111 days. During the period from August 3rd to 12th, there were 10 days of rest and 101 days of actual field work.

Uncover the mystery of golden thread and jade clothes

▲Unearthed site of Liu Sheng’s tomb.

　　 The cultural relics buried in the Han tombs in Mancheng are extremely rich, with more than 10,000 precious cultural relics unearthed from the tombs of Zhongshan Wang Liusheng and his queen Dou Wan.

　　 Liu Sheng and Dou Wan were both dressed in gold and jade clothes after their death. Liu Sheng was a man and Dou Wan was a woman. It’s all gold thread. Here we mainly introduce Liu Sheng’s gold thread and jade clothes.

　　 The main room is the most abundant burial place in Liu Sheng’s tomb, and a large number of precious cultural relics are found in the main room. Liu Sheng is wearing a golden jade garment which was discovered for the first time in China. It comes out of the coffin of the main room. As far as the whole tomb is concerned, the main room is in the center of the whole tomb and belongs to the hidden coffin.

　　 On July 12th, the stone gate of the main room was opened. When archaeologists first saw such a strange burial suit woven with gold wire and shiny jade pieces, everyone gave a sigh unconsciously. Wow! I almost jumped for joy. For a group of archaeologists, some of us have been engaged in archaeological work for decades and have never seen such luxurious burial clothes. Everyone only knows from Records of the Historian, Hanshu and other relevant records that the emperors and princes of the Han Dynasty wore gold and silver jade boxes or jade boxes for burial after their deaths, but never saw the real thing. According to the cultural relics reports, before liberation, archaeologists unearthed jade pieces in the Western Han Tomb in Wang Lang Village, Handan. At that time, it was called "Zhu Li Shi" in "Mozi Festival Funeral". Everyone said in unison, "This important discovery is bound to cause shock at home and abroad."

　　 As a personal form, jade clothes are complete, including head, trunk, limbs, hands and feet, etc. The deceased was lying on his back in jade clothes, and his head was covered with a rectangular gold-plated jade-inlaid copper pillow. Put your hands on your lower abdomen, hold Yuhuan in your left hand and Yugui in your right hand. Cover the genitals with a round jade jar. There is a jade plug in the anus. There is a long-handled iron ring knife on the left side of the jade garment, and there is a gold belt on the side of the knife. There are two handles of jade tools and iron swords on the right side of the jade clothes. A large number of jade articles and weapons were buried between the coffins on the right side of the jade clothes. These are all things that the deceased carried with him before his death.

　　 Liu Sheng’s jade clothes, when cleaning the back room, were covered with a layer of rotten wood and patent leather due to the collapse of the slate at the top of the room and the collapse of the coffin. After gently removing the paint skin and rotten wood board ash with a bamboo stick and a brush, I found this golden jade garment made up of gold wire and jade pieces. The corpse of the owner of the tomb has been decayed for a long time, which has turned the jade garment into a 1.88-meter-long flat body composed of jade pieces. The head, coat, trousers, gloves and shoes have been deformed. Some gold wires with jade pieces have also been broken. Clean up and reinforce at the same time. Clean up the numbering, drawing, photographing and recording one by one at that time. If it has been found that the position is wrong, it should be restored to its original position, and the gold wire and jade piece should be reinforced one by one. So that all the parts of it are no longer loose and disorderly. Draw a large map on the spot. Mark the numbers on the drawing one by one, and take photos and records with the cleaning. But it is more detailed about the front. However, the back of the jade garment is still under pressure and technical work cannot be carried out. So do it indoors after taking it off.

▲The staff is at the archaeological site of the Han Tomb in Mancheng

　　 The method of taking it is to adopt the method of self-made metal wire mesh and dish out. According to the size of the jade garment, a rectangular frame is made of iron wire with a thickness of 6 mm, which is set around the jade garment. Use thin wire to pass back and forth from under the jade clothes in vertical and horizontal straight lines, and tighten and straighten the thin wire, so as not to be careless. Then, the two ends of the fine iron wire are twisted on the outer frame of the thick iron wire, so that the fine iron wire forms a square mesh under the jade clothes, and the jade clothes can be lifted more smoothly. In order to prevent the surface of the jade garment from being disordered during extraction, several layers of hemp paper were laid on the jade garment, and a layer of 2-mdash was poured on the hemp paper. 3 cm of plaster. After such treatment, the jade clothes become a whole, and the jade clothes can be extracted smoothly and steadily, put on the prepared mat, and spread two layers of hemp paper on the cotton with a thickness of about 5 cm, and put in a rectangular wooden box. Cover it with two layers of hemp paper, and then spread it with cotton and transport it indoors. When finishing, gently remove the hemp paper, cotton, gypsum and hemp paper in turn. Disassemble the screen, and repair the jade clothes according to the original big picture measured.

▲Golden wisp jade clothes unearthed from Dou Wan’s tomb (after restoration)

▲Golden wisp jade clothes unearthed from Liu Sheng’s tomb (after restoration)

　　 The shape of jade clothes is the same as that of human body, which is basically designed according to various parts of human body. Jade pieces with different shapes are used, including square, rectangle, quadrangle, polygon, trapezoid, triangle, ring wall and so on. Face, head and hand jade pieces are 1.5— 3 cm, width 1— 2 centimeters. Jackets, trousers and shoes are large, generally 4.5 cm long, 3.5 cm wide and 0.2&mdash thick; 0.35 cm.

　　 After each piece of Pian Yu is polished, the edges and corners are ground with hypotenuse, and holes are punched out at the four corners or around each piece, which are braided with gold wire. Jade garment is composed of 2498 Pian Yu pieces, and the weight of shared gold thread is about 1100g.

　　 Jade clothing is also called jade box or jade bang. According to the Records of Etiquette in the History of the Later Han Dynasty, the emperor’s jade clothes were made of gold thread, the princes and princes began to seal them, the nobles and princesses used silver thread, and the dignitaries and princess royal used copper thread. Jade clothes have been customized in the later Han Dynasty. According to the records, Liu Sheng can only use silver and jade clothes, but what actually appears is gold and jade clothes. There are only "jade clothes" and "jade sticks" in the records of Hanshu, but there is no distinction between gold, silver and copper strands. This is because it was not customized at that time.

　　 When it was discovered, the golden thread jade garment was flattened because of the collapse of the roof. There were no formed bones, and some comrades doubted whether there were any bones at that time. That is, whether there is a body in the original jade clothes. This problem has not been solved in the excavation site. After entering the room, it was discovered that the bones in the jade clothes had already turned into grayish brown powder due to the dissolution of groundwater and limestone, and the enamel shells of some teeth were also found inside the head. To be sure, the bones have decayed in the jade clothes, leaving only traces.

　　 This article is selected from the 163rd Collection of Literature and History Materials sponsored by Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference Culture, Literature, History and Learning Committee and compiled by the Literature and History Museum of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference. The article title, some subheadings and pictures are added by the editor. Zheng Shaozong, once the archaeological leader of Jehol Provincial Museum and the director of Hebei Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics.

The author learned from the conference on the publicity and deployment of the Regulations on the Decoration and Renovation of Lianyungang Residential Quarters (hereinafter referred to as the Regulations) held on April 19 that the Regulations will be officially implemented on May 1. In the future, a written contract must be signed for building decoration activities, and it is strictly forbidden to carry out acts that affect the structural safety of buildings, and shall not endanger the legitimate rights and interests of other residents. 　　

The "Regulations" stipulate that if the decorator entrusts the decoration contractor to undertake the decoration project, it shall sign a written contract. If the main building or load-bearing structure is changed, the design scheme proposed by the original design unit and the examination opinions issued by the urban housing safety appraisal institution shall be submitted, and the approval procedures shall be handled in accordance with the regulations. In the specific decoration, it is strictly forbidden to implement the behavior that affects the building structure and production safety. The decorator shall post a public notice board in a prominent position in the residential area and at the decoration site, and the information such as the contact telephone number, construction time, supervision unit and supervision method of the decorator and the person in charge of the construction party. At the same time, effective measures should be taken to prevent or reduce the harm and pollution caused by waste gas, waste water, dust, vibration, noise, solid waste and construction lighting. It is forbidden to carry out noise-producing decoration in residential quarters from 12: 00 to 14: 00, from 19: 00 to 8: 00 the next day, and on legal rest days, holidays, senior high school entrance examination days and college entrance examination days. In decoration, effective measures should also be taken to avoid or reduce noise pollution to surrounding residents. 　　

Relevant departments and units will establish a supervision information platform for the decoration and renovation of residential quarters, and implement dynamic supervision on the decoration and renovation projects of residential quarters. In violation of the provisions of the "Regulations", the relevant departments shall be ordered to make corrections, and those who refuse to make corrections shall be given warnings and fines. Reportedly, residential quarters refer to areas where residential buildings are relatively concentrated in urban and rural areas, as well as shops, office buildings, public houses and community supporting houses that are brought into the property quarters for centralized and unified management.

　　Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, February 16th Question: How much does it cost? Where to eat? What to eat? — — Survey of New Year’s Eve Dinner in 2018

　　Xinhua News Agency "Xinhua Viewpoint" reporter

　　For Chinese, the New Year’s Eve is the brightest "peak moment" of the Spring Festival — — All the hard work and thoughts in a year are sitting around and enjoying the delicious moment, which turns into deep affection and happiness.

　　How much did you spend on the New Year’s Eve dinner in 2018? Where did you eat? What’s the food? On New Year’s Eve, "Xinhua Viewpoint" reporters investigated the New Year’s Eve of different groups all over the country.

　　How much does it cost: Most people in Beishangguang are from 100 yuan to 150 yuan.

　　At 7 o’clock in the evening on New Year’s Eve, a restaurant in Beijing was packed with guests, and a family raised their glasses frequently. Some individual passengers in the lobby are still waiting in line to get the number, and the waiter who is too busy to touch the ground said that there are still 8 tables waiting in line in front.

　　According to the survey of China Cuisine Association, the overall booking rate of New Year’s Eve dinner this year has increased steadily compared with last year. It is expected that the catering market will achieve double-digit growth during the Spring Festival Golden Week this year. Wu Ying, deputy secretary-general of China Cuisine Association, said: "The overall price of New Year’s Eve dinner is basically the same as last year, with a slight increase."

　　The reporter’s investigation found that in first-tier cities such as Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou, a table for 10 people is basically 2,000 yuan, and the per capita "starting price" is from 100 yuan to 150 yuan, and the highest is to 300 yuan.

　　"The price has not risen this year, and the per capita cost is more than 200 yuan in 150 yuan." Wang Hongqing, deputy general manager of Tongchunyuan, a Beijing time-honored brand, said that there were more bookings of 1,888 yuan and 2,388 yuan.

　　The price of New Year’s Eve in second-tier cities is not low. In Changchun, the price of the New Year’s Eve dinner package for 10 to 12 people is mostly from 800 yuan to 2,000 yuan, and the average person spends it from 80 yuan to 180 yuan.

　　In some big cities, a few high-end consumers make an appointment with chefs to cook New Year’s Eve dinner. According to the number and difficulty of dishes, the per capita cost is between 400 yuan and 500 yuan in 1000 yuan.

　　In addition, this year’s New Year’s Eve dinner has a new feature. "The booking of semi-finished New Year’s Eve dinner has grown rapidly." Wu Ying said that some citizens prefer to buy semi-finished products, and after a little processing at home, they can taste dishes that are not easy to cook. This year’s semi-finished New Year’s Eve dinner is expected to increase by more than 10%, and the per capita consumption is mostly from 50 yuan to 100 yuan.

　　It is understood that Beijing Tongchunyuan has prepared 400 semi-finished products, including 6 meat dishes, bean bags, Huangqiao biscuits and other staple foods, with prices ranging from 288 yuan to 498 yuan; Tongheju has booked more than 800 semi-finished products, more than double that of last year.

　　"In my impression, I started to go to the restaurant for dinner in the mid-1990s. Since 1995, I have never been home before 9 o’clock on New Year’s Eve. " Wang Hongqing said that in the 1990 s, each table of New Year’s Eve dinner was two or three hundred yuan, which was almost half a month’s salary of the working class.

　　Zhang Fangzhong, technical director of Huajia Yiyuan’s production department, said that in the 1990s, people who went out to eat New Year’s Eve had good economic conditions. After 2000, ordinary consumers began to eat New Year’s Eve outside. At that time, the better restaurants had a table of 688 yuan and 888. The main dishes are elbow, whole fish, whole chicken and lion’s head. After about 2005, many ordinary families began to eat New Year’s Eve in star-rated hotels.

　　In contrast, eating at home is more economical. Liu Yanming, a citizen of Changchun, said that he bought elbow, shrimp, fish and other high-grade ingredients and wine, and the average person counted about 70 to 80 yuan.

　　On the dinner table of Zhou Duchun, a poor household in Hengnan County, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, even the raw materials came from his own home. There are bean curd made from beans in the field, fried fish, braised pork and fried chicken, totaling more than 30 yuan. The old man’s daughter and son-in-law are working outside, so they can’t go home this year. The local government sent grain, oil and rice noodles to the old man years ago.

　　Where to eat New Year’s Eve: The number of people eating out is increasing, and the proportion of first-and second-tier cities is higher than that of third-and fourth-tier cities.

　　According to the survey of China Cuisine Association, the number of people who choose to eat out for New Year’s Eve dinner is increasing all over the country, and the proportion of eating out in first-and second-tier cities is higher than that in third-and fourth-tier cities. In addition, popularization and popularization are the mainstream.

　　In Beijing, time-honored brands and branded restaurants are favored. Some time-honored brands have to book more than half a year in advance before they can have private rooms, and they have to turn over two or three tables a night. Many repeat customers booked this year’s dinner last year. However, some people want to eat something different from usual on this day, so some ethnic catering and western food are also booked hot.

　　The Pearl River Night Tour "Water New Year’s Eve Dinner" launched by Guangzhou Passenger Shipping Company allows visitors to enjoy the night view of Guangzhou while enjoying the delicious New Year’s Eve dinner.

　　Calling "takeaway" at home is a prominent feature of this year’s New Year’s Eve dinner. Many take-away platforms have launched New Year’s Eve delivery services. According to the data of "Hungry" and Baidu Takeaway, in the past two or three years, take-away orders have increased rapidly during the Spring Festival, and the consumption power of second-and third-tier cities has improved significantly. The per capita consumption of Baidu takeaway has nearly doubled compared with usual, reaching 80 yuan to 90 yuan. According to the data of Meituan, in 2016 and 2017, the area with the highest single average price was Sanya, which was close to 150 yuan. The average cost of take-away orders on New Year’s Eve is nearly twice as high as usual.

　　New technology adds a new color to the New Year’s Eve dinner. In Beijing Box Horse Fresh Life Yizhuang Store, the staff told reporters that many citizens choose to eat New Year’s Eve here. "Buy and eat here, the picture is fresh!" Wu Feng, a customer who lives nearby, said that the ingredients here are all small packages, just like their own "big refrigerator", which can be delivered to the door in 30 minutes at the earliest.

　　The New Year’s Eve dinner on the trip and on the way home is also warm. On New Year’s Eve, at the Kaixuan Road Highway Passenger Station in Changchun, the staff delivered dumplings to the passengers. Jilin Branch of China Southern Airlines has increased on-board catering, including rice, noodles and jiaozi.

　　Of course, for many people, eating the family reunion dinner at home is still the deepest expectation and enjoyment. Ms. Lai, a migrant worker who has worked in Guangzhou for more than 10 years, returned to her hometown of Meixian, Guangdong for the New Year this year. She said that her 70-year-old mother-in-law looks forward to this day every year. She has to prepare a large family’s New Year’s Eve dinner, such as chicken, pigs, fish, vegetables, rice cakes, etc. In short, she has to make up 12 dishes, which means peace in the four seasons.

　　What to eat on New Year’s Eve: Traditional eating habits are still powerful.

　　Due to different customs and eating habits, New Year’s Eve dinners in different parts of China have different interests and are rich and colorful.

　　Cao Baoming, a folklorist and president of Jilin Food Culture Research Association, said that the New Year’s Eve dinner embodies Chinese’s long-standing annual culture, and each dish and collocation has its own unique cultural connotation. For example, in some places, there must be Chinese cabbage on the New Year’s Eve, which means "hundred treasures", leek means "long time", hot pot means "flourishing" and rice cake means "rising year by year".

　　Wang Peng, manager of a hotel in Wangtian ‘e New Village, Changbai County, Jilin Province, told the reporter that many southern tourists are very interested in the special New Year’s Eve dinner in Northeast China, and book the New Year’s Eve dinner in advance, such as classic dishes such as braised vegetables in cauldron, stewed pork vermicelli, and snacks such as sticky bean buns.

　　According to Alibaba’s "2018 China New Year Consumption Report", the local products with hometown flavor are mostly the favorite ingredients for New Year’s Eve dinner for consumers in various regions. For example, ham favored by consumers in East China, sausage favored by consumers in South China, sea cucumber and frozen shrimp favored by consumers in North China.

　　With the continuous improvement of living standards, people have more and more dishes on the dinner table, but the power of traditional eating habits is still strong.

　　In Guangzhou, traditional boiled chicken and winter melon porridge are still kept on the dinner table. "Unexpectedly, a pound of lion’s head and elbow is almost a must-have for every table." Zhang Fangzhong said that people still pay more attention to the sense of ceremony of New Year’s Eve.

　　In rural Henan, jiaozi eats meat stuffing on New Year’s Eve, and jiaozi eats vegetarian stuffing early in the morning. "Everyone in the village has to eat earlier than anyone else. When you go to jiaozi, you must set off firecrackers. Before you eat jiaozi, you must eat a mouthful of steamed bread, so that you will be strong in the coming year. " Gao Yong ‘an, an associate professor at Renmin University of China, said.

　　Wei Qi, a professor at the School of Philosophy and Social Development in northwest university of politics and law, said that people in their hometown should eat noodles on New Year’s Eve. Mother cooked chicken soup and rolled noodles, and then fried shredded chicken, kelp and daylily into a scorpion and poured it on the noodles. "What I miss most is the taste made by my mother." (Reporter Guan Guifeng, Liu Shuo, Zheng Tianhong, Ying Zhou, Zhang Xinxin)

　　Author: Yang Zhongyang

　　Recently, "end-to-end" has been on fire in the car circle! Tesla’s benchmark demonstration effect based on the "end-to-end" FSDV12 (fully autonomous driving) scheme, and the rumors of joining China, have driven companies such as "Wei Xiaoli" and service providers such as Huawei and Horizon to turn around and add end-to-end autonomous driving technology.

　　The so-called "end-to-end" actually comes from the concept of deep learning, and English is "end-to-end (E2e)", which means that through an AI model, the final result can be output as long as the original data is input. When it is applied to the field of automatic driving, it means that only one model is needed to convert the sensing information collected by sensors such as camera, millimeter-wave radar and laser radar into specific operating instructions such as the steering angle of the vehicle, the stepping depth of the accelerator pedal and the braking strength, so that the vehicle can realize automatic driving. In the words of He Xiaopeng, the founder of Xpeng Motors, it is "very silky" and more like "human drivers driving".

　　Previously, most autonomous driving systems on the market were traditional modular, that is, a mix-and-match system with artificial and intelligent worlds: perception relied on neural networks, and planning and control used algorithms designed manually by humans. The advantage of this system is that the division of labor is clear, and it is convenient to check and solve the defects in modules. But the problem is that this modular automatic driving system performs well in relatively simple driving tasks, and its ceiling is obvious in the face of complex driving tasks. Even the so-called advanced intelligent driving function of the city, which is far ahead, still has a sense of machinery, and it will also stop when it merges into the expressway and passes through a large intersection.

　　Considering that the core challenge of autonomous driving is to solve endless edge scenes, the cost and time of solving the infinite long tail problem with limited manpower are incalculable, and data and modeling have become an inevitable trend. However, end-to-end, it is also a difficult technical job that needs careful polishing by the master.

　　On the one hand, end-to-end needs massive high-quality data "feeding" training. Unlike the big language model, which can crawl a large amount of text data on the Internet for training, the cost and difficulty of obtaining video data for end-to-end intelligent driving are extremely high. Take Tesla as an example. At present, its FSD has accumulated more than 20 million human driving video clips, and the data collection cost of this scale only needs 5 billion to 8 billion yuan.

　　On the other hand, end-to-end needs the support of powerful computing power. Automatic driving involves technologies and solutions such as lidar, image perception and V2X vehicle-road coordination. Powerful computing power is not only conducive to real-time processing of massive data, reducing data transmission delay, but also better supporting the whole scene for smart cities, smart transportation, high-level autonomous driving and so on. However, the computing power growth of domestic enterprises such as Huawei BU, Baidu Jiyue, Weilai, Ideality, Geely, Great Wall, Tucki, etc. are currently facing major bottlenecks.

　　The problem is that the constraints of computing power and data will significantly affect the development of the algorithm. Although UniAD, an end-to-end autopilot model put forward by domestic academic circles, won the Best Paper Award of CPVR in 2023, which provides a reference direction for domestic enterprises, but UniAD developed under the open-loop verification system and small sample data still needs some engineering transformation and large-scale data training.

　　In addition, the upper and lower limits of the autopilot system will be enlarged end to end. Because the end-to-end construction is a neural network black box, in the process of obtaining a higher upper limit, some of the interpretability of the traditional module scheme is transferred. How to retain the interpretability in the autopilot system and characterize the rules that should not be overstepped, such as don’t run a red light, into the neural network to ensure the end-to-end application and evolution safely, will also be an important topic for regulatory engineers.

　　There are two routes to climb Mount Everest: one is the northern slope of Tibet, China, and the other is the southern slope of Nepal. Whether you choose to climb from the south slope or the north slope, you will eventually reach the same peak. This is similar to the current development path of autonomous driving. Although it is still difficult to determine that end-to-end is the optimal solution or final solution of autonomous driving, this does not hinder the innovation and exploration of enterprises. After all, end-to-end can handle extreme cases better than traditional modular methods, and it represents a more efficient way to reduce the dependence on manual coding. Based on this path, perhaps autonomous driving can lead to a higher stage. (Yang Zhongyang)

　　China Weather Network News The Central Meteorological Observatory continued to issue a blue rainstorm warning at 06: 00 on July 3:

　　It is estimated that from 08: 00 on July 3 to 08: 00 on July 4, there will be heavy rains in parts of central and southern Shandong, northern Jiangsu, northern Anhui, eastern and southern Henan, northern and western Hubei, southwestern Shaanxi, Chongqing, eastern Sichuan, northwestern Guizhou, northeastern Yunnan and southwestern Guangdong, among which there will be heavy rains in southern Shandong, northern Jiangsu, southern Henan, northern Chongqing and northeastern Sichuan. Some of the above areas are accompanied by short-term heavy rainfall (the maximum hourly rainfall is 30 ~ 50 mm, and the local area can exceed 60 mm), and there are strong convective weather such as thunderstorms and strong winds.

　　Defense guide:

　　1, the government and relevant departments in accordance with their duties to prepare for the storm;

　　2. Schools and kindergartens should take appropriate measures to ensure the safety of students and children;

　　3. Drivers should pay attention to road water and traffic jams to ensure safety;

　　4, check the city, farmland, fish pond drainage system, ready for drainage.

　　　Yue Kaihan, a German student majoring in China from Zhejiang University who graduated with a master’s degree this year, spent nearly 100 days riding a bicycle from Mohe City, Heilongjiang Province to Sanya City, Hainan Province, with a journey of more than 5,800 kilometers.On the way, he would ask the strangers he met along the way: "What is your China dream?"

　　The answer he got from Wan Li Road becameHis master’s thesis — — The Chinese Dream of the Common People.

　　"The school has always been very supportive of students majoring in China to get out of the classroom and books and get to know the real China through field visits. Yue Kaihan proposed to the instructor to get to know China by riding, and focused on the common people in China ‘ Chinese dream ’ Our understanding has been supported and encouraged by our teachers. The school also specially applied for the project funds for his research. " On November 27th, Lu Yuan, a teacher of China Studies Center of Zhejiang University, told The Paper.

　　Exploring the "Chinese Dream" of Ordinary People by Riding

　　Yue Kaihan’s Chinese name was taken by a friend. His real name is Jorg, and he is 28 years old. He came to China for the first time in 2011. In one year, he learned to use chopsticks and learn Chinese in Chengdu, Sichuan. Out of interest in China culture, Yue Kaihan went to China Center of Zhejiang University to study for a master’s degree in China in 2015.

　　It is understood that the China Studies Center of Zhejiang University has started to recruit and train masters in international cooperation since 2010. Up to now, it has recruited more than 350 international students from more than 50 countries around the world. This major is designed to systematically study China’s social, political, economic and historical degree courses in English, so that students can improve their Chinese level, feel China culture, integrate into China society, and carry out research on China issues.

　　Lu Yuan introduced that China studies is not limited to the classroom, but also encourages students to go deep into China society and let them contact ordinary Chinese, such as farmers and citizens. Through interviews and investigations, they find the problems faced by China society and propose solutions. To this end, on the basis of classroom teaching, each course will set up a field investigation class, and the examination is not limited to the examination paper, but more in the form of project report.

　　"Yue Kaihan thought is mature, have their own ideas, action, he has been to many cities in China. Before the opening report of the paper, he proposed to the instructor to learn about China by riding. The instructor suggested that he combine the research with the topic and write the riding experience as a paper. " Luyuan told The Paper.

　　　Yue Kaihan said that he first heard the word "Chinese Dream" in 2013, and now it has become a high-frequency word in China.But he doesn’t know what the "Chinese dream" is in the eyes of ordinary people in China. To solve this problem, we must visit historical sites and modern buildings in China, visit cities, stop in the countryside, climb mountains and rivers, and ask questions to people of different ages and classes.He also wants to learn more about China.

　　He chose cycling to get to know China, which he thought was natural, environmentally friendly and friendly, and also had high flexibility and freedom. Two months before departure, he conducted assault training, from riding 30 kilometers to 80 kilometers, and then riding from Hangzhou to Shanghai.

　　In order to make the "Riding China" plan not affect his studies, Yue Kaihan completed all the postgraduate courses in one year. He also planned his cycling route very rigorously — — It spans 12 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government) in China, with a total distance of over 5,800 kilometers. He chose Arctic Village, Mohe, Heilongjiang as the starting point of his journey, which is the northernmost place in China, and ended in Sanya, Hainan, passing through big cities such as Beijing and Wuhan, as well as historical sites such as Shaolin Temple and Yin Ruins, as well as many small towns.

　　　Open WeChat official account to write cycling experience.

　　　On May 1, 2016, Yue Kaihan took the second-hand simple folding bicycle given to him by a friend, carried a big backpack, got on the train from Hangzhou to Harbin, and then took the bus to Mohe Arctic Village.

　　　His big backpack is equipped with tents, inner tubes, pumps, cloth strips and other items, as well as electronic products such as mobile phones, tablets, charging treasures and cameras. There are only two sets of clothes to change.

　　　Before the trip, Yue Kaihan also registered on WeChat WeChat official account "Where is Brother Yue going" to record what he saw during the trip. On the day of the trip, he wrote: "If I will pass through the city where you live, please contact me. I am very happy to know your city, listen to your story, and be a couch potato in your home. "

　　　Every time he goes to different cities and meets impressive people, he will write these stories in WeChat official account. For example, on the 57th day of cycling, he was in the birthplace of Chenjiagou Tai Ji Chuan in wen county, Henan Province, and Mr. Li, a teacher from Tai Ji Chuan, provided him with free accommodation. During the conversation, Yue Kaihan found that Mr. Li was originally a solar engineer … …

　　On the way, Yue Kaihan will focus on the differences between urban and rural areas in China, and the different concerns of young people and the elderly. He found that older people are less concerned about economic interests and have no desire to earn a lot of money. They are more concerned about the stability and fairness of the whole society. Young people will talk more about education and personal future development, and occasionally mention personal interests, fitness and other issues. The difference between urban and rural areas is obvious. People in the village want to live a happy and peaceful life, while people in the city want to do what they want.

　　　Asking people along the way "What is your dream of China" is a question that Yue Kaihan must ask everywhere. He repeated this question hundreds of times.

　　　He thinks the answer he got is very true.The "Chinese dream" of a female restaurant owner in Mohe Arctic Village is to help the elderly improve their quality of life and reduce the burden on the younger generation. A worker in Yangshuo, Guangxi dreams of a well-off and rich material life; A computer student in Changchun University hopes to realize his personal ideal and make contributions to society … …

　　Yue Kaihan came to the conclusion that in the eyes of most ordinary people, the "Chinese dream" is related to the improvement of living environment, the prosperity of the country, social harmony and social reform. The "Chinese dream" of individual citizens mainly focuses on practical aspects, such as wealth, happiness, self-realization and family. Officially, the "Chinese Dream" is the rejuvenation of the whole country and nation. Even though the people are vague about the specific ways to realize their dreams, they all agree that only the rejuvenation of the nation can bring happiness to the small family.

　　[Roundtable Dialogue on "Striving Forward in the Direction Guided by the General Secretary: Historical Change in My Eyes"]

　　The five years since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China have been extraordinary in the development of the Party and the country. In his "July 26th" speech, General Secretary of the Supreme Leader emphasized that in the past five years, the CPC Central Committee has scientifically grasped the development trend of today’s world and contemporary China, complied with the requirements of practice and people’s wishes, launched a series of major strategic measures, promulgated a series of major principles and policies, pushed forward a series of major tasks, solved many long-term unsolved problems, and accomplished many major events that had been tried but failed in the past. Among the nine major tasks listed by General Secretary of the Supreme Leader, the first one is: "We have comprehensively strengthened the party’s leadership and greatly enhanced the party’s cohesiveness, combat effectiveness, leadership and appeal." On the eve of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, this newspaper specially invites four experts and scholars to review the glorious course that the Communist Party of China (CPC) has gone through in the past five years and make an in-depth interpretation of "comprehensively strengthening the leadership of the Party".

　　Moderator: Luo Xu Wang Haokui

　　Jiabin: Xiong Yun (Vice President of China Pudong Cadre College)

　　Han Dongxue (Vice President of Chinese Political Science Association, Professor Tsinghua University)

　　Xu Yaotong (Professor of National School of Administration, former director of scientific research department)

　　Feng Cuiling (Party Secretary, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, National Excellent Party Worker)

　　1. What the mission requires.

　　Moderator: Of the nine "major tasks" summarized in the "July 26th" speech of the Supreme Leader, the first one is "comprehensively strengthening the Party’s leadership". What does this mean?

　　Yun Xiong:The Communist Party of China (CPC)’s leadership is the most essential feature of Socialism with Chinese characteristics and the greatest advantage of Socialism with Chinese characteristics system. Strengthening the party’s leadership in an all-round way is not only a historic achievement made by the party and the country in the past five years, but also the fundamental reason for other achievements made by the party and the country.

　　In the past five years, the key to our party’s solution to many long-term unsolved problems and many major events that we wanted to do in the past but failed to do is to comprehensively strengthen the party’s leadership. Only by further building the Party well and ensuring that our Party will always maintain its vigorous vitality and strong combat effectiveness can our Party lead the people to successfully meet major challenges, resist major risks, overcome major obstacles and resolve major contradictions, and constantly move from victory to new victory, thus providing the strongest political guarantee for realizing the Chinese dream.

　　Han Dongxue:Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, facing the complicated international situation and domestic environment, comprehensively promoting the new great project of Party building is the key to the continuous innovation of Socialism with Chinese characteristics’s great cause.

　　The Communist Party of China (CPC) is the leading core of China’s modernization. If we want to give full play to the role of the ruling party, we must strengthen the party’s leading role in the country, constantly improve the party’s leadership style and ruling style, and promote the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity. At the same time, to govern the country, we must first govern the party. Only by striving to achieve our own leap forward, can we continuously inject vitality into the cause of the party and the people.

　　Xu Yaotong:Building Socialism with Chinese characteristics is an extremely arduous undertaking and a great creative project in human history. We can neither find ready-made answers from Marxist books, nor copy the experiences and models of other countries. We are facing the dual tasks of reform and construction, and we will encounter all kinds of obstacles. Its arduousness, complexity and long-term nature are incomparable at any time in the past. Without the Party’s leadership and strategy, it is impossible to accomplish the great cause of Socialism with Chinese characteristics’s construction.

　　Only by strengthening the Communist Party of China (CPC)’s leadership, combining the universal principles of Marxism with China’s reality, and testing the road suitable for China’s national conditions through practical exploration, can we fully understand the construction law of Socialism with Chinese characteristics and formulate the correct line, principles and policies.

　　Feng Cuiling:We should be soberly aware that there are still some problems in the Party, such as the weakening of the advanced nature of some party member cadres, the weakness and laxity of some Party grass-roots organizations, formalism, bureaucracy and corruption. Failure to change this situation will weaken the party’s ruling ability, shake the party’s ruling foundation, and even ruin the bright future of our party and people.

　　Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, under the leadership of the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core, many long-term unsolved problems have been solved, and many major events that we wanted to do in the past have been accomplished. The Communist Party of China (CPC) takes the overall situation into consideration and plays the core role of the Party’s leadership in all aspects of economy, politics, culture, society and ecological civilization. The development in all fields shows that "strengthening the Party’s leadership in an all-round way" is the mission and the need of the cause.

　　2. Always want to be with the people and work together.

　　Moderator: "The party’s cohesiveness, combat effectiveness, leadership and appeal" have been greatly enhanced. What are the aspects?

　　Yun Xiong:In the past five years, the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core has comprehensively examined the new changes in the world, national conditions and party conditions, placed the management of the party in an important strategic position, paid attention to strategic planning of party building from the top-level design, and pushed the new great project of party building to a new realm. Constantly promoting theoretical innovation and strengthening ideological and theoretical armed forces, the whole party has constantly strengthened the "four self-confidences" and firmly established the "four consciousnesses." Serious inner-party political life, the political ecology has been purified, the political environment has been continuously optimized, and a lively political situation has been formed day by day. Vigorously promote system construction, introduce and revise nearly 80 inner-party laws and regulations, and strictly manage the party and officials, which are more and more rules-based and evidence-based.

　　The vigorous promotion of party building has greatly enhanced the party’s cohesion, combat effectiveness, leadership and appeal. At present, the whole Party is more unified in thinking and pace. Party organizations at all levels and the vast number of party member and cadres resolutely safeguard the authority of the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core, consciously implement the various decision-making arrangements of the CPC Central Committee, and strive to achieve a firm response advocated by the CPC Central Committee, a firm implementation of the CPC Central Committee’s decisions, and a firm refusal to do so.

　　Han Dongxue:In the new century and new stage, the profound changes of the world, the national conditions and the party’s situation and various risk tests have put forward new and higher requirements for the Communist Party of China (CPC). Managing the party is not only related to the future and destiny of the party, but also to the future and destiny of the country and the nation.

　　In the past five years, from the party’s mass line education practice, the special education of "three strictness and three realities" and the study and education of "two studies and one doing", we have put forward clear requirements for ideological party building, and defined the rigid norms of institutional party building &hellip in the Regulations on Disciplinary Actions in the Communist Party of China (CPC), the Regulations on Inner-Party Supervision in the Communist Party of China (CPC) and Several Guidelines on Inner-Party Political Life under the New Situation; … A series of major arrangements and measures have always focused on maintaining the advanced nature and purity of the party and ensuring that the party is always at the forefront of the times.

　　Remain true to our original aspiration and keep our mission firmly in mind. In the past five years, the Communist Party of China (CPC) adhered to the fundamental purpose of serving the people wholeheartedly, adhered to the people-centered development thought, vigorously guaranteed and improved people’s livelihood, resolutely won the tough battle against poverty, respected the people’s dominant position, and ensured that the people were the masters of their own affairs … … It is the insistence on doing everything for the people and relying on the people that greatly enhances the party’s cohesiveness, combat effectiveness, leadership and appeal.

　　Xu Yaotong:In the past five years, the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core has taken the construction of work style as a breakthrough, unswervingly promoted the comprehensive and strict administration of the party, and made efforts to solve the outstanding problems that the people have most strongly reflected. The political life within the party has been updated, and the party’s ruling foundation and mass foundation have been further consolidated.

　　Comprehensively strengthen Party building to the grassroots level, promote the formation of a good employment orientation and institutional environment, and further highlight the role of party member as a vanguard model and a fighting fortress for grassroots party organizations … … The outstanding achievements in managing the party and the party have fulfilled the solemn promise of "striking while the iron is hot" and practiced the solemn oath of "always wanting to be with the people and working together".

　　Feng Cuiling:A political party, a political power, its future and destiny depend on people’s hearts.

　　In the past five years, the party’s ideological construction, organizational construction, work style construction, anti-corruption construction and system construction have been comprehensively strengthened. The whole party has earnestly carried out the party’s mass line education and practice activities, the special education of "three strictness and three realities" and the study and education of "two studies and one doing"; The Party Central Committee fought against corruption with an iron fist, and the tigers and flies fought together, and the serious illness and minor illness were treated together, which won the party’s heart and people’s hearts. The introduction of eight regulations on improving work style and keeping close contact with the masses has purified the political ecological environment and greatly enhanced the image of the party in the hearts of ordinary people; With the continuous development of economic construction and the improvement of people’s living standards, the people are the direct beneficiaries; The international political influence has been continuously improved, and the national culture has gone global, which has enhanced the national pride and cultural self-confidence of the broad masses of the people; The construction of ecological civilization has greatly improved the living environment of ordinary people. In the past five years, the party style and political style have been one of the new ones, which has won the heartfelt praise of the people.

　　3. The development of China needs a strong leadership core.

　　Moderator: The communiqué of the Sixth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee formally put forward "the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core". What does this mean for the development of the party’s cause?

　　Xu Yaotong:The core position of the Supreme Leader General Secretary in the CPC Central Committee and the whole Party was formed in the practice of upholding and developing Socialism with Chinese characteristics’s new great struggle. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, General Secretary of the Supreme Leader has taken the lead in setting an example, firmly promoted the comprehensive and strict administration of the Party, adhered to the close combination of ideological party building and institutional party management, concentrated put in order’s party style, severely punished corruption, and purified the political ecology within the Party, which showed a new atmosphere in the political life within the Party and won the hearts and minds of the Party.

　　We should unite more closely around the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core with a high degree of consciousness, more firmly safeguard the authority of the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core, and strive to maintain a high degree of consistency with the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core in ideological and political actions.

　　Feng Cuiling:As the saying goes: the train runs fast, all by the headband. With his broad mind, deep friendship for the people and high responsibility for the Party, the Supreme Leader General Secretary led China, a huge train carrying more than 1.3 billion people of 56 ethnic groups, with new ideas, new ideas and new strategies. In the five years since the 18th CPC National Congress, he struggled forward and made great achievements in the country’s development. The leadership core of a country, a nation and a political party is very important. The Sixth Plenary Session of the Eighteenth Central Committee formally put forward the "CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core", which is the aspiration of the party’s heart and people’s hearts, the luck of the party and the blessing of the people. It is expected that after the 19th National Congress, the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core will lead us to continue to win great victories in Socialism with Chinese characteristics.

　　Yun Xiong:Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, General Secretary of the Supreme Leader has personally led the Central Leading Group for Comprehensively Deepening Reform, the Central Leading Group for Finance and Economics and other leading groups, and further strengthened leadership in economic construction, political construction, cultural construction, social construction, ecological civilization construction, military and national defense construction. Giving full play to the leading core role of the Party in overall planning and coordinating all parties has become the fundamental guarantee for overcoming various risk challenges.

　　The decision made at the Sixth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee is of great and far-reaching significance for safeguarding the authority of the CPC Central Committee, maintaining the unity and centralized leadership of the Party, and ensuring new victories in the cause of Socialism with Chinese characteristics. This means that the party’s cause has a strong leadership core, winning a well-off society in an all-round way and realizing the Chinese dream have a fundamental guarantee, and the prosperous situation of the country’s long-term stability and people’s living and working in peace and contentment can be maintained for a long time.

　　Han Dongxue:The life and strength of the party depend on the unity and unity of the party, and the unity and unity of the party first lies in safeguarding the authority of the CPC Central Committee. Today, the Communist Party of China (CPC) is a big party with more than 89 million party member and more than 4.5 million grass-roots party organizations. The larger the organization is, the more it needs to maintain the authority of the CPC Central Committee, and the more it needs a strong leadership core.

　　Since the 18th National Congress, the strong leadership of the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core has become the most distinctive feature of China’s political life. The Sixth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee defined the core position of the Supreme Leader General Secretary, which was a far-reaching strategic decision, formed in the process of leading and advancing great struggles, great undertakings and great projects, and was the choice of the whole party, the people and the history and practice.

　　4. Deliver excellent answers to the Party and the people with solid work.

　　Moderator: Why do party member cadres have to strengthen the "four consciousnesses" and strengthen the "four self-confidences"?

　　Han Dongxue:Ideological Party Building is the Communist Party of China (CPC)’s fine tradition and the way to strengthen the soul. We should use the development practice of contemporary China and the latest achievements of Marxism in China to educate party member cadres, strengthen the "four self-confidences" and "four consciousnesses", take a clear-cut stand on politics, strictly abide by political discipline and rules, and maintain a high degree of consistency with the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core in ideological and political actions. Only in this way can we form a strong political leading force and maximize the will and strength of the whole party and the people throughout the country. Strengthening the "four self-confidences" and strengthening the "four consciousnesses" is a dynamic process. We should constantly improve our political stance and political consciousness and hand in excellent answers to the party and the people with down-to-earth work.

　　Yun Xiong:Under the new historical conditions, strengthening the "four consciousnesses" is an important measure to strengthen party building, adhere to the centralized and unified leadership of the CPC Central Committee, enhance the unity and unity of the party, and form the centripetal force, cohesion and combat effectiveness of the whole party, which has rich ideological connotations.

　　Only by strengthening the "four consciousnesses" can party member cadres consciously maintain a high degree of consistency with the CPC Central Committee in ideological and political actions, and make our party more United and strong, and always become the strong leadership core of the cause of Socialism with Chinese characteristics.

　　Xu Yaotong:Flags lead the way, and roads determine fate. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core has held high the great banner of Socialism with Chinese characteristics, led the whole party and the people of all ethnic groups to overcome all difficulties and break the waves, and pushed the great cause of Socialism with Chinese characteristics into a new stage. In order to learn and understand the spirit of the important speech of the Supreme Leader on July 26th, we must further strengthen the "four consciousnesses", always strengthen the "four self-confidences", and earnestly enhance the implementation of political consciousness and action consciousness.

　　Feng Cuiling:In the process of winning the Chinese dream of a well-off society in an all-round way and realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, it is urgent for party member cadres to keep a clear political mind, stand firm and correct in their political stance, and always adhere to their faith in Marxism, Socialism with Chinese characteristics and communism, and their absolute loyalty to the party and the people. By strengthening the "four consciousnesses" and strengthening the "four self-confidences", we can make our Party more United and strong, and always become the strong leadership core of Socialism with Chinese characteristics’s cause, and then lead the broad masses of people to build a well-off society in an all-round way, accelerate socialist modernization and realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

　　5. Constant dripping wears away the stone

　　Moderator: What is the practical and long-term significance of solidly promoting the normalization and institutionalization of "two studies and one doing" learning and education?

　　Feng Cuiling:To promote the normalization and institutionalization of "two studies and one doing" learning and education is to require party organizations at all levels to always put ideological education in the first place, educate and guide the vast number of party member to learn, practice and realize, and constantly strengthen the "four consciousnesses"; It is required that all party member always adhere to the party constitution Party Rules to regulate their behavior, always arm their minds, guide practice and promote their work with the spirit of the series of important speeches by the Supreme Leader General Secretary, and ensure that leading cadres in party member are loyal and clean, and play a vanguard and exemplary role. Steadily promoting the normalization and institutionalization of the study and education of "two studies and one doing" is an effective way to continuously strengthen the ideological and political construction of the Party, which is of great and far-reaching significance to further unify the thinking of the whole Party, ensure that the whole Party is more closely United around the CPC Central Committee with the supreme leader as the core, and constantly create a new situation in the cause of Socialism with Chinese characteristics.

　　Yun Xiong:Carrying out the study and education of "two studies and one doing" is an important practice to implement party constitution’s requirements on strengthening education management in party member and deepening inner-party education for all party member, an important measure to promote inner-party education from "key minority" to party member and from centralized education to regular education, and an important deployment to strengthen the party’s ideological and political construction.

　　Steadily promoting the normalization and institutionalization of "two studies and one doing" study and education will, from a practical point of view, help to solve some problems such as party member’s vague ideals and beliefs, the party’s weak consciousness, vague concepts of purpose, listlessness and misconduct, and guide and push party member to be a qualified party member who stresses politics, belief, rules, discipline, morality, conduct, dedication and achievement. In the long run, it is of great and far-reaching significance to ensure that the whole party is more closely United around the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core, to make our party more cohesive, combat-effective, leading and appealing, and to constantly push forward the cause of Socialism with Chinese characteristics to open up a new prospect.

　　Xu Yaotong:In my opinion, to promote the normalization and institutionalization of "two studies and one doing" study and education, the key is to deepen the expansion of "doing", better educate and guide the vast number of party member to be qualified in politics, discipline, morality and function according to the standard of "four stresses and four haves", and constantly improve their political consciousness, so as to truly become a qualified Communist party member. We must adhere to the combination of learning and doing, promote learning and doing, highlight problem orientation, and rectify problems. We should focus on finding and analyzing whether our ideals and beliefs are firm, whether we are loyal and honest to the Party, whether we have a clear-cut stand in front of major issues, and whether we are highly consistent with the CPC Central Committee on major issues by referring to party constitution’s party rules, series of speeches, and advanced models. We should focus on solving the problems such as the party’s weak consciousness, weak organizational concept, and insufficient role, so as to further establish party member’s vanguard image and reflect the power of faith with actions.

　　Han Dongxue:To promote the normalization and institutionalization of "two studies and one doing" study and education, we must also expand the word "learning", thoroughly study party constitution’s party rules and regulations, and thoroughly study the spirit of the series of important speeches by the Supreme Leader General Secretary.

　　Ideological consciousness is a prerequisite for "learning deeply and learning often" If there is no consciousness of "I save myself three times a day", how can there be the perseverance of "rushing without stopping, dripping water wears through"? In order to deepen and expand the word "learning", we must first have a clear understanding and full preparation for grasping the long-term and the long-term. Inner-party education cannot be accomplished in one battle. The pace of self-purification, self-improvement, self-innovation and self-improvement of our party has never ended.

　　On the issue of rejuvenating and strengthening the Party, we must adhere to Do not forget your initiative mind, keep our mission in mind, strictly manage the Party and forge ahead. We should fully understand the great political significance, theoretical significance, practical significance and methodological significance of the series of important speeches by General Secretary of the Supreme Leader, take in-depth study of the spirit of the series of important speeches by General Secretary of the Supreme Leader as a compulsory course, insist on systematic study, in-depth study and follow-up study, so as to believe in learning, think while learning, and practice learning, effectively unify thoughts and actions with the spirit of speeches, and consciously guide new practice with developing Marxism, greeting the successfully convening of the 19th National Congress of the CPC with excellent achievements.

　　 (Portrait: painted by Guo Hongsong)

The picture shows that workers are processing mugwort in a mugwort processing poverty alleviation workshop in Tongbai County. source map

　　A common "weed" has turned into a "golden grass" to get rid of poverty and become rich, in the hometown of medical saints — — Nanyang, Henan, is nothing new. This very common "wild grass" growing all over the mountains is called wormwood.

　　According to statistics, the planting area of wormwood in Nanyang City exceeds 240,000 mu, and four wormwood industrial parks have been built, with 1,529 registered enterprises and annual sales of 8 billion yuan. It has become the largest wormwood processing base and wormwood leaf distribution center in China, with a national market share of 70%. It has driven more than 100,000 farmers to benefit from planting, harvesting, processing and sales, including more than 31,000 poor people. The whole wormwood industry has shown a vigorous vitality and has become one of the excellent projects for poverty alleviation and development in local rural areas.

　　Wormwood turns into a "golden leaf"

　　In the eyes of many agricultural technicians and growers, wormwood with its own green ecological "attribute" is the "best partner" to develop poverty alleviation industries. The planting area of wormwood is large and farmers are enthusiastic about planting. To this end, Nanyang City has also established the Ai Industry Association and introduced measures to encourage the development of the Ai industry. According to the principles of farmers’ voluntariness, interest linkage and mutual benefit, all localities have guided the establishment of professional cooperatives and cooperative associations of Ai Cao to cultivate large-scale Ai Cao growers, and "Ai Nong" has embarked on the road to prosperity because of the "Ai Xiang".

　　"The national wormwood looks at Wanai, and Wanai is best counted as Tongbai." Yin Zhehua, a poor household in Xiongzhai Village, Maoji Town, Tongbai County, talked about wormwood. Yin Zhehua not only planted wormwood, but also used his spare time to work in a nearby wormwood processing factory. It can be said that it was with "Ai" wealth that he ran towards a well-off society. "My husband died early, and there are two children at home. In the past few years, the days have been tight, and it is common to go to the construction site to do heavy work. Since I built the wormwood precision poverty alleviation employment base at my doorstep, I no longer go to the construction site to work. Now I grow wormwood myself and go to the factory to process moxa sticks. My work is much easier and I earn a lot of money in one month. " Yin Zhehua said happily.

　　Nanyang is rich in traditional Chinese medicine culture. In Zhang Zhongjing’s Treatise on Febrile Diseases, there are 6 prescriptions using wormwood, and in Synopsis of the Golden Chamber, there are more than 20 prescriptions using wormwood. Every Dragon Boat Festival, sachets fluttering in the streets and lanes are living advertisements of wormwood products. With the improvement of people’s living standards, the demand for health is more and more urgent. As a pure natural product, wormwood is favored, and wormwood industry has become the most distinctive sunrise industry and the most dynamic industry to enrich the people in Nanyang.

　　Today, the planting area of Dengzhou and Tongbai under the jurisdiction of Nanyang City has reached more than 40,000 mu, and the planting areas of Tanghe, Sheqi, Nanzhao, Wolong and Wancheng are all over 10,000 mu. In Nanyang, like Yin Zhehua, more and more poor households have found a way to get rich by planting and processing wormwood.

　　The data shows that at present, there are more than 160 varieties of wormwood products developed in Nanyang City, which are exported to 56 countries and regions along the "Belt and Road" with an output value of more than 20 billion yuan. Since 2017, two consecutive national wormwood industry conferences have been held in Nanyang.

　　Lengthening the industrial chain of enriching the people

　　In Xinzhuang Village, Tongzhaipu Town, tanghe county, the sign of "wormwood industry poverty alleviation base" is particularly eye-catching. This is the 3000-mu high-quality wormwood planting base of Nanyang Daai Ecological Agriculture Development Co., Ltd.. "We adopt ‘ Company+cooperative+poor households ’ The model provides poor households with one-stop services such as planting and technology, and signs a recycling agreement, which has achieved remarkable results in promoting local economic development and increasing farmers’ income. " The person in charge of the company introduced.

　　Planting "Ai" will increase income, and "Ai" will lift you out of poverty. "I participated in the whole process from planting and weeding to harvesting, drying and leaf stalk separation in the later stage. I didn’t expect that this wormwood can bring me more than 1,000 yuan a month. Really exciting! " Speaking of wormwood, Yu-fu Li, a poor household who works in Nanyang Daai Ecological Agriculture Company, smiles.

　　In the Ai products processing workshop of Jintiandi Agricultural Excellent Products Cooperative in Hongniwan Town, Wancheng District, the express boxes piled up in mountains attracted the attention of reporters. "Many shops in Taobao and JD.COM buy goods from us!" The person in charge of the cooperative proudly said, "The store sends the buyer’s information after receiving the order. I send the goods directly to all parts of the country in the factory, and the store has zero inventory, which also shortens the logistics chain, which is a win-win situation!"

　　In recent years, with the expansion of market demand, the purchase price of wormwood has increased year by year, and farmers have begun to plant high-quality wormwood. The wormwood industry featuring wormwood processing and moxibustion medical care has shown an increasingly prosperous momentum. According to the statistics of Nanyang wormwood Industry Association, at present, the average annual benefit of wormwood per mu can reach 3000 yuan, and the economic income of local farmers has been greatly improved by planting wormwood.

　　Taking wormwood as the starting point, participating in the "precise poverty alleviation" project to help poor households get rid of poverty and increase their income is just a microcosm of the rapid development of wormwood industry in Nanyang City. According to reports, Nanyang City is actively cultivating and expanding the wormwood industry, processing value-added, lengthening the chain, registering the "Wanai" trademark, and launching the brand, so that the wormwood industry can play the maximum benefit in industrial poverty alleviation.

　　Policy escort and steady income increase

　　Wormwood is a unique and rich resource of traditional Chinese medicine in China, and it is also a healthy tourism resource with great potential. In recent years, Nanyang Municipal Party Committee and Municipal Government have made the development of wormwood industry as the key content of the city’s big health industry, and successively issued Nanyang Life and Health Industry Action Plan (2015-2020), Nanyang 13th Five-Year Plan for Chinese Medicine Development, Zhang Zhongjing’s Major Special Implementation Plan for Health City, and Nanyang National Comprehensive Reform Experimental Zone Construction Implementation Plan and related supporting measures to build wormwood industrial park and vigorously support it.

　　Located in Qiaotou Town, Sheqi County, the wormwood planted by Nanyang Luying wormwood Biological Products Co., Ltd. is growing vigorously. The production and processing enterprises of mugwort products, led by Luying mugwort biological products company, have discovered the characteristics of high cashmere content and high volatile oil content of authentic mugwort in Nanyang, and developed nearly 100 kinds of products, such as traditional mugwort, smokeless mugwort, mugwort, mugwort granules, mugwort essential oil series and mini moxibustion series. The products are exported to dozens of countries and regions such as Japan, South Korea, Southeast Asia and Europe, with an annual output value of several hundred million yuan.

　　In today’s society, people’s use of wormwood is no longer limited to copying traditional Chinese herbal medicine culture, but researchers are constantly breaking through and studying its new value. With Nanyang Medical College’s "Nanyang Ai Products Engineering Technology Research Center" and Nanyang Institute of Technology’s "Zhang Zhongjing Provincial Key Laboratory of Prescription and Immunoregulation" as research platforms, through school-enterprise cooperation, a research and development team of wormwood industry was established to continuously promote the transformation of scientific and technological achievements.

　　Located between Dafengying Town and Qiaotou Town in Sheqi County, Nanyang Zhongjing wormwood Industry Group covers wormwood planting, wormwood product research and development, domestic and foreign trade, etc. The company has more than ten subsidiaries, and its China Medical Zhongjing Company is the largest wormwood planting enterprise in China, which has driven more than 1,500 neighbors to find jobs, created economic benefits and constantly fulfilled its social responsibilities.

　　Wormwood has been fragrant for thousands of years, and its industry is flourishing today. Nowadays, Nanyang wormwood industry is taking the road of green development and ecological poverty alleviation with unprecedented vigorous momentum, and is striving to write a glorious chapter of building a well-off society in an all-round way in the southwestern part of Henan. (He Jian reporter Zhang Peiqi Fan Yaxu)

　　Since the beginning of this year, the global Internet giants have set off a "hundred-model war", and Microsoft, Google, Baidu and Ali have come to the end one after another. After more than half a year of competition, technology giants are welcoming a new round of road disputes around the big model ecology: facing the parameter "ceiling", will the future of the big model be closed or open?

　　The open source model can run on a home computer.

　　On August 3rd, two open source models, Qwen-7B and Qwen-7B-Chat, were put on the domestic AI developer community "ModelScope", which were Alibaba Cloud Tongyi Qianwen’s 7 billion parameter general model and dialogue model respectively. Both models were open source, free and commercially available.

　　According to reports, Tongyi Qianwen Qwen-7B is a pedestal model that supports many languages such as Chinese and English, and it is trained on more than 2 trillion token (text unit) data sets, while Qwen-7B-Chat is a Chinese-English dialogue model based on the pedestal model, which has reached the cognitive level of human beings.In short, the former is like a "foundation" and the latter is a "house" on the foundation.

　　The actual test shows that the comprehensive performance of Qwen-7B model is good. Among them, on the English proficiency evaluation benchmark MMLU, the score is generally higher than that of the mainstream models with the same parameter scale, even surpassing some models with 12 billion and 13 billion parameter scales. On the Chinese evaluation C-Eval verification set, the model also achieved the highest score of the same scale. Qwen-7B model is also among the best in evaluating GSM8K in mathematical problem solving ability and HumanEval in code ability.

　　That is to say,In the tests of Chinese and English writing, solving mathematical problems and writing codes, Qwen-7B model is properly a "master of learning", and its score even exceeds the international mainstream model with the same parameter level.

　　Besides, the industry is more concerned about the usability of Qwen-7B model. As we all know, the training and operation of mainstream large models need special AI training chips (such as NVIDIA A100), which are not only expensive, but also as high as 10,000 — per NVIDIA A100; 15,000 dollars, and it is monopolized by countries such as Europe and the United States, and it is almost impossible to buy it in China.The domestic Qwen-7B model supports the deployment of consumer graphics cards, which is equivalent to a high-performance home computer to run the model.

　　Thanks to free commercialization and low threshold, the Qwen-7B model has been put on the shelves, which has attracted the attention of AI developers.In just one day, on the code hosting platform GitHub, the Qwen-7B model has been collected by more than a thousand developers, and most of the questioners are Chinese developers.As Alibaba Cloud said in the statement: "Compared with the lively AI open source ecology in the English-speaking world, the Chinese community lacks an excellent pedestal model. The addition of Tongyi Qianwen is expected to provide more choices for the open source community and promote the open source ecological construction of AI in China. "

　　Open source or closed?

　　In fact, Qwen-7B model is not the first big open source model. In fact, GPT-2, the predecessor of ChatGPT, is also completely open source. Its code and framework can be used for free on the Internet, and related papers can be consulted. However, after ChatGPT spread all over the world, OpenAI chose closed-source development, and the model codes such as GPT-3 and GPT-4 have become the trade secrets of OpenAI.

　　The so-called open source is open source code.For example, once the big model is declared open source, anyone can publicly obtain the model source code, modify it or even redevelop it within the scope of copyright restrictions. To make a simple analogy,The source code is like the manuscript of a painting, and everyone can fill in the colors according to the manuscript to create their own artistic paintings.

　　Closed source is just the opposite of open source.Only the source code owner (usually the software developer) has the power to modify the code, others can’t get the "manuscript" and can only buy the finished product from the software developer.

　　The advantages and disadvantages of open source and closed source are very obvious. After open source, the big model will undoubtedly attract more developers, and the application of the big model will be more abundant, but the corresponding supervision and commercialization will become a difficult problem, which is prone to the embarrassing situation of "making wedding clothes for others".After all, open source considers ecological co-prosperity, and it is difficult to figure out the economic account of how much money can be earned at this stage, and these problems happen to be opportunities to close the source.

　　Open source or closed source, this is a big model of life and death, the international giants have given the answer.

　　Meta, the parent company of Facebook, released the big model Llama2 last month, which is open source and free for developers and business partners, while OpenAI firmly chose GPT-4 closed source development, which not only can maintain OpenAI’s leading position in the generative AI industry, but also can earn more revenue. According to the authoritative magazine Fast Company,OpenAI’s revenue in 2023 will reach 200 million US dollars, including providing API data interface services and subscription service fees for chat bots.

　　Domestic big models have gradually begun to "go their separate ways".Alibaba Cloud’s General Meaning ModelAs early as April this year, it was announced to be open to enterprises, and the open source of Qwen-7B model will go further.ERNIE Bot of BaiduIt has also recently announced that it will gradually open the plug-in ecosystem to third-party developers to help developers build their own applications based on the Wenxin model.

　　In contrast, Huawei does not take the usual path. When the Pangu Big Model 3.0 was released, Huawei Cloud publicly stated that,Pangu modelThe full stack technology is independently innovated by Huawei, and no open source technology is adopted. At the same time, Pangu Big Model will gather numerous industry big data (involving industry secrets, etc.), so Pangu Big Model will not be open source in the future.

　　The big parameters are still small and beautiful.

　　In addition, the open source of Qwen-7B model brings another thought:How many parameters do we need a big model?

　　There is no denying that,The parameter scale of the large model is constantly expanding.Take the GPT model under OpenAI as an example. GPT-1 only contains 117 million parameters, and the parameters of GPT-3 have reached 175 billion, which has increased by more than 1000 times in a few years, while the parameters of GPT-4 have exceeded the trillion level.

　　The same is true of large domestic models. Baidu Wenxin model has 260 billion parameters, Tencent mixed-element model has reached 100 billion parameters, Huawei Pangu model has been estimated to be close to GPT-3.5, and ali tong Yida model has officially announced 10 trillion parameters … …According to incomplete statistics, there are at least 79 large-scale models with over 1 billion parameters in China.

　　Unfortunately, the larger the parameter, the stronger the capability of the large model. At the World Artificial Intelligence Conference, Wu Yunsheng, vice president of Tencent Cloud, has a very appropriate metaphor: "Just like athletes practicing physical strength, weightlifters need to lift 200 kilograms of barbells, and swimmers need to lift 100 kilograms. Different types of athletes don’t need everyone to practice 200 kilograms of barbells."

　　As we all know,The higher the parameters of the large model, the more resources and costs are consumed.However, it is not necessary to blindly pursue "large scale" or "high parameters" to deepen the vertical large-scale model of the industry, but to formulate relevant model parameters according to customer needs. For example, the BioGPT-Large model has only 1.5 billion parameters, but its accuracy in biomedical professional tests is better than that of the general model with 100 billion parameters.

　　Sam Altman, co-founder of OpenAI, also publicly stated that OpenAI is approaching the limit of LLM (Large Language Model) scale. The larger the scale, the better the model is, and the parameter scale is no longer an important indicator to measure the quality of the model.

　　Wu Di, the head of intelligent algorithm in Volcano Engine, has a similar view. In the long run, reducing costs will become an important factor in the application of large models. "A well-tuned small and medium-sized model may perform as well as a general large model in a specific job, and the cost may be only one tenth of the original."

　　At present, almost all domestic science and technology manufacturers have got tickets for big models, but the real road choice has just begun.

In June this year, Ziwudu Internet Cafe, located next to Qingdao University of Science and Technology in Shandong Province, opened its doors on the first day after its transformation and upgrading into an Internet Cafe. On the opening day, the Internet users were full, which made Wang Xiaodong, the owner of the Internet Cafe, happy.

Wang Xiaodong told reporters that he has been engaged in the Internet cafe industry for more than ten years. In the past, the illegal operation of Internet cafes was serious, security accidents were frequent, and the overall image of the industry was bad. "Two years ago, the Laoshan District Government of Qingdao issued relevant policies to promote the transformation and upgrading of the Internet service industry." Wang Xiaodong recalled that in 2014, the district government introduced two chain Internet cafes, Shanghai Wangyu Network and Beijing Bayou Network. Their spacious and clean environment, the service function of Internet cafes and coffee bars, and the standardized, branded and professional operation mode brought a lot of impact to local Internet cafes.

"Dark and noisy, malodorous, is people’s main impression of Internet cafes, so we must first guide Internet cafes to change the environment. For the first time, the regulatory authorities regard brightness and neatness as a requirement for the whole industry, and encourage them to pay attention to the upgrading of the online environment when preparing for renovation, so as to make it a bright, elegant and open public cultural place. " Wang Shaomei, director of the Cultural Press and Publication Bureau of Laoshan District, said that through active guidance and nearly two years of practice, the online service industry in Laoshan District has presented a new scene.

"In addition to improving the environment, the regulatory authorities also encourage Internet cafes to take advantage of their advantages and cooperate with various education and training institutions and other service units to carry out community education and training, online purchasing, remote consultation and other services." Wang Shaomei said that the regulatory authorities and Internet cafes explore special operations together, and some organize e-sports, book corners and chess competitions. Some open leisure stations, providing online coffee, leisure snacks, reading books and newspapers, etc., expanding consumer groups and enriching cultural consumption.

"I prefer this internet cafe model. Now I have time to sit inside with my friends for a while, and the environment is bright." Feng Li, a college student who often spends money in Ziwu, said.

In the first half of 2016, about 80 Internet service enterprises in Laoshan District were transformed and upgraded in the whole industry. Internet service places began to be combined with online competition, and virtual reality equipment and manufacturers gradually entered the Internet service places, seeking win-win cooperation and becoming a new driving force for the development of the industry.
(Reporter Yanjie Liu, correspondent of this newspaper, Xu Jun)